ICU患者机械通气撤机失败原因的分析

目的探讨ICU患者机械通气撤机失败的原因及对策。方法回顾性分析铜陵市人民医院急诊ICU于2012年6¹2月收治需要行有创机械通气治疗的40例患者,观察撤机结果,根据治疗后情况分为撤机成功组和撤机失败组,应用SPSS 16.0统计软件对两组相关临床指标进行对比分析。结果两组患者在年龄、血钾水平、格拉斯哥昏迷评分上的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),撤机成功26例(65.0%),撤机失败14例(35.0%)。与撤机成功组相比,撤机失败组在血红蛋白、血清白蛋白水平、氧合指数上显著低于撤机成功组(P<0.05),撤机失败组在白细胞数、机械通气时间、多重耐药菌感染率上高于撤机成功组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应努力寻找撤机失败原因采取针对性治疗措施,提高撤机成功率。     

Failure to Thrive Syndrome

ABSTRACT

The present study examined variables associated with depression that have been linked to failure to thrive (FTT) syndrome in the elderly. One hundred thirty residents from two urban nursing homes were interviewed. Results of the study supported the hypothesis that elderly nursing home residents identified as depressed by the Geriatric Depression Scale experienced less comfort with being touched, poorer appetite levels, more feelings of dejection and hopelessness, greater preference for privacy, less self-esteem, and fewer social resources than residents who were not depressed. The discriminant analysis model with six variables entered classified 85.4% of depressed and nondepressed cases correctly.     

The Use of Diuretics in Varying Degrees of Renal Impairment: An Overview

Administration of diuretics during acute renal failure in animals has been demonstrated to be of value with mannitol and/or loop-blocking diuretics, furosemide or ethacrynic acid. There is evidence that if these drugs are given very early in the controlled experimental environment that there will be some beneficial effect in maintaining renal function. However, in man the temporal relationship between the acute onset and the successful response to the administration of the drugs is, at best, coincidental and the use of diuretics in acute renal failure may not produce the same results as seen in the laboratory. One of the best guides to the underlying disease when there is acute decompensation in renal function is the utility of the renal failure index which utilizes urine and plasma sodium and urine and plasma creatinine ratios.

Large doses of loop-blocking diuretics can be of benefit in patients with mild to moderate chronic renal insufficiency and fluid retention and/or hypertension. When renal insufficiency is severe in the pre-dialysis setting, furosemide, bumetanide or muzolimine may be of some benefit; however, as renal failure worsens the response of the kidney is sluggish and it is wise to begin to dialyze when glomerular filtration deteriorates below 5 ml per minute.     

Action of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Central Nervous System

Several major antihypertensive agents appear to act by stimulating α receptors in the central nervous system. Other agents which lower blood pressure by peripheral mechanisms also have important central effects. Recent studies suggest that by enhancing norepine-phrine turnover in the brain one can obtain a reduction in blood pressure in experimental animals. We have studied the enhancement of central norepinephrine turnover by tyrosine administration and by the antihypertensive agent Prazosin.     

Experienced Health,Life Satisfaction,Sense of Coherence,and Coping Resources in Individuals Living with Heart Failure

The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between experienced health, sense of coherence, coping resources, and life satisfaction in individuals living with heart failure. Twenty-two patients--12 men and 10 women--were included in the study. All subjects were admitted to a eight-week programme of aerobic training. Four questionnaires were used: the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MHLF), the Sense of Coherence scale (SOC), the Coping Resources Inventory (CRI), and the Life Satisfaction Checklist of Fugl-Meyer et al. After the exercise programme the mean score of MLHF was significantly lower as compared with the start of the programme. The majority of the individuals reported that they were satisfied with life as a whole, family life, partnership relation contact with friends, and their psychological state of health. Only one-third were satisfied with their sexual life. A high sense of coherence and coping resources characterized the subjects. There was a slight tendency for those who reported satisfaction with life as whole to report a stronger sense of coherence, a higher degree of coping resources, and a lower degree of symptoms of heart failure. A conclusion was that clinicians should emphasize that patients can continue to remain active and enjoy a reasonable quality of life.     

重型肝炎急性肝衰竭肝移植手术指征探讨

目的总结重型肝炎实施急诊肝移植的经验,探讨其手术指征。方法回顾性分析34例拟行急诊肝移植治疗的重型肝炎并急性肝衰竭患者的临床资料,其中11例实施急诊肝移植手术。结果34例患者中,14例在等待供体中死亡,另9例在转入我科时已丧失手术机会,于3d内死亡。11例急诊肝移植均采用改良背驮式肝移植,其中1例术后7d死于肺部感染、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),1例术后20d死于原发性移植肝功能不良合并肾功能衰竭,其他9例术后均恢复顺利。随访6~29个月,1例于术后12个月死于慢性排斥反应,余8例情况良好。结论急诊肝移植是治疗重型肝炎合并急性肝功能衰竭移植的有效方法,其指征为:(1)Ⅱ级及Ⅱ级以上的进行性脑病;(2)PT延长15 s以上(或凝血酶原活动度<30%);(3)血清TBIL(300μmol/L(17.5mg/dl)或TBIL进行性升高(每天>17.1μmol/L)。     

Treatment of impaired perfusion in septic shock

Severe sepsis and septic shock are relatively common problems in intensive care. The mortality in septic shock is still high, and the main causes of death are multiple organ failure and refractory hypotension. Impaired tissue perfusion due to hypovolemia, disturbed vasoregulation and myocardial dysfunction contribute to the multiple organ dysfunction. Treatment of hemodynamics in septic shock consists of appropriate fluid therapy guided by invasive monitoring combined with vasoactive drugs aiming to correct hypotension and inappropriately low cardiac output. The drug of choice for low vascular resistance is norepinephrine, while insufficient myocardial contractility is commonly treated with dobutamine. The use of norepinephrine seems to be associated with better prognosis as compared to results from the use of dopamine or epinephrine. In septic shock, vasopressin levels are low, and therefore, vasopressin has been advocated as a vasopressor. Its effectiveness and safety have not yet been documented, and so far it is regarded as an experimental treatment. Recent data support the use of corticosteroid, at least in some of the patients with septic shock. Also, activated protein C, a drug with anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties, decreases mortality in patients with septic shock.     

Angiotensin receptor antagonists in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes

In the past few years diabetes has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in all Western countries. A correlation between blood pressure and rate of progression in diabetic nephropathy was noted very early, and increased local activity of the renin angiotensin system was identified as a major pathophysiological mechanism for proteinuria and nephrosclerosis in diabetic patients. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to slow progression of nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients. The majority of diabetic patients with nephropathy, however, are suffering from type 2 diabetes and until last year there was no convincing evidence of ACE inhibitors being able to slow progression in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Three new studies now fill this gap, showing that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are nephroprotective in patients with type 2 diabetes, independently of blood pressure. This review provides an in-depth discussion of the results of these studies and provides recommendations for patient management.     

Cardiac cachexia

Chronic heart failure (CHF) remains an important and increasing public health care problem. It is a complex syndrome affecting many body systems. Body wasting (i.e., cardiac cachexia) has long been recognised as a serious complication of CHF. Cardiac cachexia is associated with poor prognosis, independently of functional disease severity, age, and measures of exercise capacity and cardiac function. Patients with cardiac cachexia suffer from a general loss of fat tissue, lean tissue, and bone tissue. Cachectic CHF patients are weaker and fatigue earlier, which is due to both reduced skeletal muscle mass and impaired muscle quality. The pathophysiologic alterations leading to cardiac cachexia remain unclear, but there is increasing evidence that metabolic, neurohormonal and immune abnormalities may play an important role. Cachectic CHF patients show raised plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol, and they show high plasma renin activity and increased plasma aldosterone level. Several studies have also shown that cardiac cachexia is linked to raised plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha and other inflammatory cytokines. The degree of body wasting is strongly correlated with neurohormonal and immune abnormalities. The available evidence suggests that cardiac cachexia is a multifactorial neuroendocrine and metabolic disorder with a poor prognosis. A complex imbalance of different body systems may cause the development of body wasting.