胚胎脊髓移植与甲基强的松龙联合应用治疗脊髓损伤的实验研究

目的 :探讨胚胎脊髓移植 (FST)与大剂量甲基强的松龙 (MP)联合应用治疗脊髓损伤的效果。方法 :选用SD大鼠 5 0只 ,随机分为A、B、C、D、E 5组 ,前 4组行T12脊髓半切损伤后为治疗组。A组行大剂量MP与FST联合应用 ;B组行大剂量MP治疗 ;C组为FST治疗 ;D组为单纯半切损伤 ;E组为空白对照。治疗后 2 4h及 8周时行脊髓体感诱发电位检查 ,观察行为变化 ,并对各组损伤区脊髓横断面神经纤维数进行统计学分析。结果 :A组与B、C、D组之间脊髓体感诱发电位及损伤区神经纤维计数均存在明显差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,行为学无明显改变。结论 :大剂量甲基强的松龙与胚胎脊髓移植联合应用治疗脊髓损伤可起协同促进损伤脊髓修复的作用。     

The Finnish Forward Surgical Team Experience During EUFOR Operation RD Congo in 2006

Abstract The army Forward Surgical Team (FST) is a mobile surgical asset designed to provide life- and limbsaving combat surgery in remote and austere terrains. Operation EUFOR RDC in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 2006 was the first one planned and conducted solely by the European Union Forces (EUFOR). The first two European FSTs reported in the present article were established by the Finnish Defence Forces.The Finnish FSTs were deployed for 4 months in Kinshasa. Three different deployment scenarios were trained; the equipments loaded on two trucks and carried by two C-130 aircrafts, the equipments loaded on two aircraft pallets (no trucks) and carried by one C-130 aircraft, and the equipments loaded on and carried by two CH-53 helicopters. The FSTs were deployed in three tactical and four reconnaissance operations. Due to the peacekeeping nature of the Operation, the surgical medical workload was light. The total number of patients treated by FSTs was 12,5 of them being due to trauma and 7 to medical condition. All trauma cases were of noncombat origin, and only one of them was severe.The European FST concept should be developed for future missions regarding the experiences gained during the reported deployment, the main goals being the mobility and the lightness of the unit. This kind of special trauma surgical asset, designed for remote theatres, will possibly be useful also in other emergency operations taking place in non-conventional circumstances; a concept of FST could easily be deployed in short notice to various accidental and natural disasters.     

Involvement of AMPA receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the mouse tail suspension test and forced swim test

In addition to its clinical antimanic effects, lithium also has efficacy in the treatment of depression. However, the mechanism by which lithium exerts its antidepressant effects is unclear. Our objective was to further characterize the effects of peripheral and central administration of lithium in mouse models of antidepressant efficacy as well as to investigate the role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in these behaviors. We utilized the mouse forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), intracerebroventricular (ICV) lithium administration, AMPA receptor inhibitors, and BS3 crosslinking followed by Western blot. Both short- and long-term administration of lithium resulted in robust antidepressant-like effects in the mouse FST and TST. Using ICV administration of lithium, we show that these effects are due to actions of lithium on the brain, rather than to peripheral effects of the drug. Both ICV and rodent chow (0.4% LiCl) administration paradigms resulted in brain lithium concentrations within the human therapeutic range. The antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the FST and TST were blocked by administration of AMPA receptor inhibitors. Additionally, administration of lithium increased the cell surface expression of GluR1 and GluR2 in the mouse hippocampus. Collectively, these data show that lithium exerts centrally mediated antidepressant-like effects in the mouse FST and TST that require AMPA receptor activation. Lithium may exert its antidepressant effects in humans through AMPA receptors, thus further supporting a role of targeting AMPA receptors as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of depression.     

石榴籽油对小鼠抗抑郁作用的影响

目的:探讨石榴籽油对小鼠抗抑郁作用的影响。方法:120只小鼠随机分为3组,每组各40只。每组小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、石榴籽油高剂量组及石榴籽油低剂量组,每组各10只。石榴籽油高剂量组、石榴籽油低剂量组灌胃剂量分别为0.03 m L·g-1、0.015 m L·g-1,对照组给予盐酸多塞平片,50 mg·kg-1,模型组每日给予等量生理盐水灌胃。给药后分别用于小鼠悬尾绝望实验(TST)、强迫游泳实验(FST)和利血平诱发的小鼠体温降低实验,观察石榴籽油对小鼠游泳不动时间和体温的影响。结果:石榴籽油高剂量组、低剂量组在一定程度可减少小鼠游泳不动时间,与模型组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);石榴籽油高剂量组、低剂量组可减少小鼠悬尾不动时间,与模型组比较,有显著性差异(P0.05);石榴籽油高剂量组、低剂量组与模型组比较,具有明显拮抗小鼠体温下降的作用,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:石榴籽油具有抗抑郁作用。     

某部2014年新兵心理健康状况调查分析

目的 了解新兵心理健康状况,为新兵筛选、心理问题预防及针对性的心理健康指导提供依据.方法 应用数字搜索能力测验(FST)、卡特尔16种人格因素测验(16PF)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)及明尼苏达多相个性测查表(MMPI)对2014年入伍的1602名普通新兵进行团体性心理测试.结果 (1)所有入伍新兵的FST总体得分呈偏态分布,4～6.99区间的人数较多,占48.8％;(2)16PF测试与军人常模比较,敏感性、怀疑性、幻想性、忧虑性、紧张性、怯懦与果敢、创造能力个性因子得分偏低,其他因子得分均偏高(P＜0.01);(3) SCL-90各因子得分均低于全国常模和中国新兵常模平均分(P＜0.01);(4)前3项测试合并连队反映存在潜在心理问题者3人;154人进行MMPI测试,共筛选出46名存在心理问题新兵进行专家访谈;(5)筛选出的45人(1人被遣回)进行SCL-90二次检测,各项因子及总均分均低于全国常模和中国新兵常模(P＜0.01),只有1人强迫、抑郁及偏执得分均＞3分.结论 2014年入伍新兵整体心理素质较好,以FST、16PF及SCL-90作为初筛,MMPI复筛测评,能够比较全面而系统地反映新兵心理状况.     

The impact of environmental enrichment in laboratory rats--behavioural and neurochemical aspects

The provision of environmental enrichment (EE) for laboratory rats is recommended in European guidelines governing laboratory animal welfare. It is believed the EE implementation can improve animals’ well-being and EE has been used to demonstrate learning and plasticity of the brain in response to the environment. This review suggests that the definition and duration of EE varies considerably across laboratories. Notwithstanding this, some EE protocols have revealed profound effects on brain neurochemistry and resulting behaviour, suggesting that EE can have the potential to significantly modify these parameters in rats. For this review, a literature search was conducted using PubMed and the search terms “Environmental Enrichment” and “rats”. From the results of this search the most important variables for consideration in the implementation of EE are identified and summarised, and include cage size and housing density; rat age, sex and strain; duration of EE; the EE protocol and enrichment items employed; and the use of appropriate controls. The effects of EE in a number of behavioural tests and its effects on neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, stress hormones and neurogenesis and proliferation are outlined. The findings summarised in the present review show the range of EE protocols employed and their effects in tests of activity, learning and affect, as well neurochemical effects which mediate enhanced plasticity in the brain. EE, as is provided in many laboratories, may be of benefit to the animals, however it is important that future work aims to provide a better understanding of EE effects on research outcomes.     

Involvement of endocannabinoids in antidepressant and anti-compulsive effect of fluoxetine in mice

Endocannabinoid analogues exhibit antidepressant and anti-compulsive like effects similar to that of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) indicating a parallelism between the effects of serotonin and endocannabinoids. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the role of endocannabinoids in the antidepressant and anti-compulsive like effect of fluoxetine using mice model of forced swim test (FST) and marble-burying behavior (MBB). The results revealed that intracerebroventricular injections of endocannabinoid analogues, anandamide, a CB₁ agonist (AEA: 1-20 μg/mouse); AM404, an anandamide transport inhibitor (0.1-10 μg/mouse); and URB597, a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor (0.05-10 μg/mouse) produced antidepressant-like effect dose-dependently, whereas influenced the MBB in a biphasic manner (produced a U-shaped dose-response curve). Fluoxetine (2.5-20 mg/kg, i.p.) dose dependently decreased the immobility time as well as burying behavior. Co-administration of sub-effective dose of fluoxetine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) potentiated the effect of sub-effective dose of AEA (0.5 μg/mouse, i.c.v.), AM404 (0.05 μg/mouse, i.c.v) or URB597 (0.01 μg/mouse, i.c.v) in both the paradigms. Interestingly, pretreatment with AM251, a CB₁ antagonist, blocked the effect of fluoxetine in FST and MBB at a dose (1 μg/mouse, i.c.v) that per se had no effect on either parameter. Similar effects were obtained with endocannabinoid analogues in AM251 pretreated mice. However, AM251 increased the burying behavior in MBB at a highest dose tested (5 μg/mouse). None of the treatments had any influence on locomotor activity. Thus, the study indicates an interaction between endocannabinoid and serotonergic system in regulation of depressive and compulsive-like behavior.     

Ketamine-enhanced immobility in forced swim test: a possible animal model for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a chronic and highly complex psychiatric disorder characterised by cognitive dysfunctions, negative and positive symptoms. The major challenge in schizophrenia research is lack of suitable animal models that mimic the core behavioural aspects and symptoms of this devastating psychiatric disorder. In this study, we used classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs to examine the predictive validity of ketamine-enhanced immobility in forced swim test (FST) as a possible animal model for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. We also evaluated the effects of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on the ketamine-enhanced immobility in FST. Repeated administration of a subanaesthetic dose of ketamine (30 mg kg(-1), i.p., daily for 5 days) enhanced the duration of immobility in FST 24 h after the final injection. The effect, which persisted for at least 21 days after withdrawal of the drug, was neither observed by single treatment with ketamine (30 mg kg(-1) i.p.) nor repeated treatment with amphetamine (1 and 2 mg kg(-1) i.p., daily for 5 days). The enhancing effects of ketamine (30 mg kg(-1) day(-1) i.p.) on the duration of immobility in the FST were attenuated by clozapine (1, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1) i.p.), risperidone (0.25 and 0.5 mg kg(-1) i.p.) and paroxetine (1 and 5 mg kg(-1) i.p.). Haloperidol (0.25 and 0.50 mg kg(-1) day(-1) i.p.) failed to attenuate the ketamine-enhanced immobility in the FST. The repeated ketamine administration neither affects locomotor activity nor motor coordination in rats under the same treatment conditions with the FST, suggesting that the effects of ketamine on the duration of immobility in this study was neither due to motor dysfunction nor peripheral neuromuscular blockade. Our results suggest that repeated treatment with subanaesthetic doses of ketamine enhance the duration of immobility in FST, which might be a useful animal model for the negative symptoms (particularly the depressive features) of schizophrenia.     

Intra-lateral septal infusions of folic acid alone or combined with various antidepressant drugs produce antidepressant-like actions in male Wistar rats forced to swim

Intra-cerebral administrations of folic acid produce antidepressant-like effects; either alone or combined with several antidepressant drugs. However, the specific limbic structures implied in the antidepressant-like actions of folic acid are un-known. Thus, intra-lateral septal infusions of folic acid (5.0 nmol, P < 0.05; 10.0 nmol, P < 0.05) or oral administrations of folic acid (50 mg/kg, P < 0.05, p.o.; 75.0; mg/kg, P < 0.05, p.o.) or systemic administrations of fluoxetine (20.0 mg/kg, P < 0.05; 25.0 mg/kg, P < 0.05) reduced immobility by increasing swimming behavior in the forced swimming test (FST) of male Wistar rats. Conversely, desipramine (10.0 mg/kg, P < 0.05; 15.0 mg/kg, P < 0.05) reduced immobility by increasing climbing behavior. Subthreshold doses of folic acid (2.5 nmol/intra-LSN) combined with subthreshold doses of folic acid (25.0 mg/kg, p.o., P < 0.05) or with subthreshold doses of fluoxetine (15.0 mg/kg, P < 0.05) and they produced antidepressant-like effects which were canceled by ketanserin. In conclusion, intra-lateral septal infusions of folic acid alone or combined with systemic doses of folic acid or fluoxetine reduced immobility in the FST. These antidepressant-like actions, probably, were due to modifications of the serotonergic system since swimming behavior was increased and these effects were canceled by ketanserin.