The promises and limitations of gender-transformative health programming with men: critical reflections from the field

Since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, researchers and practitioners have engaged in a series of efforts to shift health programming with men from being gender-neutral to being more gender-sensitive and gender-transformative. Efforts in this latter category have been increasingly utilised, particularly in the last decade, and attempt to transform gender relations to be more equitable in the name of improved health outcomes for both women and men. We begin by assessing the conceptual progression of social science contributions to gender-transformative health programming with men. Next, we briefly assess the empirical evidence from gender-transformative health interventions with men. Finally, we examine some of the challenges and limitations of gender-transformative health programmes and make recommendations for future work in this thriving interdisciplinary area of study.     

京津冀地区精神科护士遭受暴力攻击与工作压力的关系

护士已被认为是高压力职业人群[1],遭受暴力攻击是精神科护理工作的重要特征[2],而两者之间关系的探索尚较缺乏。本研究立足京津冀地区,旨在调查该护士遭受暴力攻击的情况及工作压力的现状并分析相关性,以期为精神科护士职业安全的提升和工作压力的控制提供借鉴。     

Are all threats equal? Associations of childhood exposure to physical attack versus threatened violence with preadolescent brain structure

BackgroundNeurodevelopmental studies of childhood adversity often define threatening experiences as those involving harm or the threat of harm. Whether effects differ between experiences involving harm (“physical attack”) versus the threat of harm alone (“threatened violence”) remains underexplored. We hypothesized that while both types of experiences would be associated with smaller preadolescent global and corticolimbic brain volumes, associations with physical attack would be greater.MethodsGeneration R Study researchers (the Netherlands) acquired T1-weighted scans from 2905 preadolescent children, computed brain volumes using FreeSurfer, and asked mothers whether their children ever experienced physical attack (n = 202) or threatened violence (n = 335). Using standardized global (cortical, subcortical, white matter) and corticolimbic (amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex) volumes, we fit confounder-adjusted models.ResultsPhysical attack was associated with smaller global volumes (β_cortical=−0.14; 95% CI: −0.26, −0.02); β_{white matter}= −0.16; 95% CI: − 0.28, − 0.03) and possibly some corticolimbic volumes, e.g., β_{amygdala/ICV-adjusted}= −0.10 (95% CI: −0.21, 0.01). We found no evidence of associations between threatened violence and smaller volumes in any outcome; instead, such estimates were small, highly uncertain, and positive in direction.ConclusionsExperiences of physical attack and threatened violence may have quantitively different neurodevelopmental effects. Thus, differences between types of threatening experiences may be neurodevelopmentally salient.     

我国家庭暴力中的性别差异

目的 由认知与应对策略出发,考察家庭暴力的性别差异.方法 在全国范围内选取东、西、南、北部8个地区的2951名成年男女作为被试,使用一般资料调查表、《修订版冲突策略量表简版》及自编的认知与应对问卷进行调查.结果 采用Pearson相关和卡方检验比较家庭暴力的性别差异.①男性的施暴率与受暴率相关(r=0.721,P=0.000);女性的施暴率与受暴率相关(r=0.553,P=0.000),整体施暴率与受暴率相关(r=0.642,P=0.000).自我报告的施暴率与受暴率具有显著的性别差异(P＜0.05);②家庭暴力的认知方面,将情感忽视界定为家庭暴力的时间上具有显著的性别差异(x2=13.995,P=0.003);③夫妻间冲突后的行为表现与解决方式具有显著的性别差异(P＜0.001).结论 男性与女性在家庭暴力的发生类型、认知及冲突后的表现与解决方式等方面均有所不同.应当从性别角色视角出发,有区别地开展家庭暴力的心理干预工作.     

Stalking as paranoid attachment: A typological and dynamic model

Abstract

Stalking encompasses a wide range of behavioral patterns, risk factors, interpersonal dynamics, and dangerousness. To account for these diverse phenomena, we propose that stalking behavior is best conceptualized by a dynamic interaction of attachment styles and psychodynamic phenomena. This paper articulates a model that explains stalking behavior within the framework of attachment theory. Four prototypical configurations of stalkers and their victims are developed. Each configuration is discussed in terms of a pattern of internal representations, affective constellations, combinations of aggression and narcissism, and potential for future violence. The four configurations proposed here are maintained through stalkers' over ideational linkage fantasies and projective identifications, which range from shame-prone and needy idealization to malevolent torment of the victim. Our model arrays erotomanic, jealous, and persecutory attachments along a continuum of increasingly paranoid and pathological identifications. We argue that these prototypical attachment configurations provide a theoretically driven means of differentiating phases of stalking, and as such provide useful leads in the empirical study and clinical assessment, treatment, and management of stalkers.     

精神科护士遭受工作场所暴力的相关因素分析

目的 探讨精神科护士遭受工作场所暴力的相关因素,以减少精神科护士遭受工作场所暴力的频度,保护护士的心理健康,减轻护士的心理压力。方法 选取2018年4月-2019年4月广州某精神病院不同病区的120名护士作为研究对象,采用一般资料调查问卷、工作场所暴力频度测定量表对其进行问卷调查。结果 精神科护士的性别、年龄、工作年限、职务、聘用形式、工作病区、防暴技能是其遭受工作场所暴力的独立影响因素。结论 应针对精神科护士遭受工作场所暴力的因素采取针对性的措施,提高精神科护士对暴力事件的应对能力。     

Culturally competent primary care response for women of immigrant and refugee backgrounds experiencing family violence: A systematic review protocol

AimThis review will identify, critically appraise, and synthesise evidence on culturally competent approaches to the provision of primary care to women of immigrant and refugee backgrounds who experience family and domestic violence.BackgroundWomen from some immigrant and refugee backgrounds are known to be at a higher risk for harms from family and domestic violence. However, little is known about cultural competency in the provision of primary care for these women and how this enables, or hinders, clinicians in caring for them.Design/methodsA systematic review using Critical Interpretive Synthesis of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies and grey literature that report cultural competency in the provision of primary care for women over 16 years of age experiencing family and domestic violence. Our search strategy will include electronic database searches, citation tracking, and grey literature searches. Two reviewers will independently carry out title, abstract, and full text screening using the Covidence software, then quality assessment, and data extraction. We will appraise quality using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool for quantitative and mixed methods studies; Quality Framework for qualitative studies; and the Authority, Accuracy, Coverage, Objectivity, Date, Significance checklist for grey literature. A qualitative critical synthesis of the included studies and grey literature will be completed.DiscussionCritical interpretive synthesis is an iterative method that allows reviewers to explore various foci of the concept in question and answer the research question posed at the outset comprehensively. The expected outcome of the review is an evidence-based model of culturally competent primary care related to family and domestic violence.     

急诊科护士遭受躯体暴力的预测线索探讨

目的探讨急诊科护士发生躯体暴力的预测线索。方法对四川省和重庆市5所医院的急诊科进行观察性研究,由专人观察和记录患方的行为线索,并根据行为变化是否转化为躯体暴力分为躯体暴力组和非躯体暴力组,统计分析两组行为变化的例数和躯体暴力的行为方式,采用Logistic回归分析确定护士发生躯体暴力的特定预测线索。结果共观察287例患者,非躯体暴力组219例,转化为躯体暴力组68例,躯体暴力发生率23.7%。Logistic回归分析显示当患方出现紧握双拳(OR=6.334)、挑衅(OR=5.672)、抵制护理措施(OR=5.164)、大声争吵(OR=4.651)、紧跟护理人员(OR=3.334)或鲁莽(OR=3.172)是发生躯体暴力的最强预测线索(P0.05,P0.01)。结论急诊科发生躯体暴力比较普遍,应快速、方便、有效地评估患方潜在的躯体暴力风险,采取相应的防范措施,以减少躯体暴力风险的发生,避免急诊科护士受到身体和心理伤害。