Histamine receptors in the isolated human middle meningeal artery. A comparison with cerebral and temporal arteries

The subtypes of histamine receptors mediating dilatation of human meningeal arteries have been tested in vitro, using "selective" antagonists, and compared with cerebral and temporal arteries previously examined. Dilatory responses were tested after preconstriction with prostaglandin F2 alpha. Both mepyramine and cimetidine caused a parallel shift to the right of the histamine concentration-response curve, suggesting the presence of both H1- and H2-receptors. Combined treatment with mepyramine and cimetidine caused further displacement of the concentration-response curve to the right. Schild analysis indicated pA2 values of 6.3 for cimetidine and 9.8 for mepyramine in situations of near complete blockade of either of the receptors. Both H1- and H2-receptors seem of importance for the histamine-induced dilatation in meningeal arteries and neither appear to dominate. The data considered in conjunction with our previous findings support the finding that experimental histamine-induced headache due to vasodilatation is intracranial of origin.     

经鼻内镜鼻腔-鼻窦-翼腭窝-颞下窝手术入路的应用解剖学研究

目的通过对鼻腔-鼻窦-翼腭窝(pterygomaxillaryfossa,PMF)-颞下窝(infratemporalfossa,ITF)手术入路的相关结构进行解剖,为手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法对6例12侧成人尸头标本按中线锯开后进行解剖,并完全模拟该手术入路,对相关解剖标志进行了观察、拍摄和测量。结果翼腭窝-颞下窝区结构复杂,有重要的神经和血管经过。圆孔外口距正中矢状面距离为(19.18±1.48)mm,与后鼻孔上缘的距离为(19.81±1.52)mm,距鼻小柱根部为(77.31±5.13)mm。卵圆孔到鼻小柱根部为(86.40±3.76)mm。结论经鼻内镜鼻腔-鼻窦-翼腭窝-颞下窝手术入路能够简单和迅速地到达翼腭窝和颞下窝,可较好地显露翼腭窝及部分颞下窝区的结构。经鼻内镜入路进入PMF时术野的深度限制为70mm左右,注意保护位于蝶窦外侧壁的翼管神经、上颌神经及颈内动脉(internalcarotidartery,ICA),进入ITF时,术野的深度限制为80mm左右。     

Sutural growth restriction and modern human facial evolution: an experimental study in a pig model

Facial size reduction and facial retraction are key features that distinguish modern humans from archaic Homo. In order to more fully understand the emergence of modern human craniofacial form, it is necessary to understand the underlying evolutionary basis for these defining characteristics. Although it is well established that the cranial base exerts considerable influence on the evolutionary and ontogenetic development of facial form, less emphasis has been placed on developmental factors intrinsic to the facial skeleton proper. The present analysis was designed to assess anteroposterior facial reduction in a pig model and to examine the potential role that this dynamic has played in the evolution of modern human facial form. Ten female sibship cohorts, each consisting of three individuals, were allocated to one of three groups. In the experimental group (n = 10), microplates were affixed bilaterally across the zygomaticomaxillary and frontonasomaxillary sutures at 2 months of age. The sham group (n = 10) received only screw implantation and the controls (n = 10) underwent no surgery. Following 4 months of post‐surgical growth, we assessed variation in facial form using linear measurements and principal components analysis of Procrustes scaled landmarks. There were no differences between the control and sham groups; however, the experimental group exhibited a highly significant reduction in facial projection and overall size. These changes were associated with significant differences in the infraorbital region of the experimental group including the presence of an infraorbital depression and an inferiorly and coronally oriented infraorbital plane in contrast to a flat, superiorly and sagittally infraorbital plane in the control and sham groups. These altered configurations are markedly similar to important additional facial features that differentiate modern humans from archaic Homo, and suggest that facial length restriction via rigid plate fixation is a potentially useful model to assess the developmental factors that underlie changing patterns in craniofacial form associated with the emergence of modern humans.     

Mathematical study of the role of non-linear venous compliance in the cranial volume-pressure test

The role of the cerebral venous bed in the cranial volume-pressure test was examined by means of a mathematical model. The cerebral vascular bed was represented by a single arterial compartment and two venous compartments in series. The lumped-parameter formulation for the vascular compartments was derived from a one-dimensional theory of flow in collapsible tubes. It was assumed in the model that the cranial volume is constant. The results show that most of the additional volume of cerebrospinal fluid (ΔV_CSF) was accommodated by collapse of the cerebral venous bed. This profoundly altered the venous haemodynamics and was reflected in the cranial pressure P_CSF. The cranial volume-pressure curve obtained from the model was consistent with experimental data; the curve was flat for 0<-ΔV_CSF<-20 ml and 35<-ΔV_CSF<-40 ml, and steep for 20<-ΔV_CSF<-35 ml and ΔV_CSF>-40 ml. For ΔV_CSF>25 ml and P_CSF>5.3 kPa (40 mmHg), cerebral blood flow dropped. When P_CSF was greater than the mean arterial pressure, all the veins collapsed. The conclusion of the study was that the shape of the cranial volume-pressure curve can be explained by changes in the venous bed caused by various degrees of collapse and/or distension.     

Trautmann's triangle anatomy with application to posterior transpetrosal and other related skull base procedures

Trautmann's triangle (TT) faces the cerebellopontine angle and is exposed during posterior transpetrosal approaches. However, reports on the morphometric analysis of this structure are lacking in the literature. The goal was to better understand this important operative corridor. TT was exposed from an external approach (transmastoid) in ten cadavers (20 sides) and from an internal approach on 20 dry adult temporal bones. Measurements included calculation of the area of TT and the distance of the endolymphatic sac from the anterior border of the sigmoid sinus. The area range of TT was 45–210 mm² (mean 151 mm²; SD 37 mm²). Three types of triangles were identified based on area. Type I triangles had areas less than 75 mm², Type II areas were 75–149 mm², and Type III areas were 150 mm² and greater. These types were observed in 37.5%, 35%, and 27.5% of sides, respectively. The distance from the jugular bulb's anterior border to the posterior border of the posterior semicircular canal ranged from 6 to 11 mm (mean 8.5 mm). The endolymphatic sac was located in the inferior portion of TT and traveled anterior to the sigmoid sinus. The horizontal distance from the anterior edge of the sigmoid sinus to the posterior edge of the endolymphatic sac ranged from 0 to 13.5 mm (mean 9 mm). Additional anatomic knowledge regarding TT may improve neurosurgical procedures in this region by avoiding intrusion into the endolymphatic sac and sigmoid sinus. Clin. Anat. 27:994–998, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

内镜辅助下后鼓室微创手术入路的临床解剖学研究

目的　为内镜辅助下后鼓室微创手术入路提供解剖学基础。  方法　利用成人15例（30侧）头部标本,解剖并测量后鼓室及其与周围结构之间的位置关系。  结果　面神经锥段中点分别到水平半规管最凸点、鼓室窦前缘中点、卵圆窗中点、圆窗中点、岬小桥下端、岬后脚下端的距离是（3.21±0.41）、（2.79±0.25）、（3.97±0.37）、（6.48±0.53）、(4.85±0.39)、(6.21±0.57)mm;砧骨窝中点至锥隆起顶端、面神经锥段中点、镫骨头中点、圆窗中点、卵圆窗中点、匙突顶点的距离分别为（4.43±0.36）、（3.10±0.28）、(6.55±0.55)、(9.56±0.82、(6.67±0.65)、(4.63±0.39)mm;鼓室窦的深度、横截面短径、横截面长径分别是（3.10±0.27）、（1.05±0.10 ）、（1.89±0.19）mm;后鼓室窦深度、横截面长径、横截面短径分别是(1.15±0.10)、(0.83±0.29)、(0.63±0.51)mm;外侧鼓室窦横截面近似椭圆型,其深度、上下径、左右径分别是 (1.63±0.12)、（0.36±0.03）、(0.74±0.09）mm;面隐窝外侧气房直径(0.28±0.13)mm。  结论　后鼓室解剖结构精细复杂,对其解剖结构的精准定位有利于彻底清除病变和防止术后并发症的发生。     

颅中窝脑静脉的显微解剖与影像学观察

目的通过颅中窝脑静脉的显微解剖、影像学观察及其对照研究,为经翼点和经眶颧手术人路中脑静脉的保护提供形态学基础。方法分别对30例（60侧）颈内静脉灌注蓝色乳胶的成人尸头湿标本、36例（60侧）DSA静脉相、25例（50侧）CT静脉造影（CTV）和25例（50侧）MR静脉造影（MRV）图像进行观测。结果以显微解剖观测结果作为评价标准,DSA、CTV和MRV分别能够观察到70％、52％和42％的颅中窝脑静脉;根据颅中窝静脉注入硬脑膜窦处位置的不同,其分为海绵窦型、蝶顶窦型、蝶岩窦型和岩上窦型,各型脑静脉能被影像学手段区分;影像学观测到的大脑中浅静脉数目和分型与显微解剖相比较,差异无统计学意义。结论术前影像学检查有助于经翼点和经眶颧手术入路的设计和术中脑静脉的保护。     

Imaging the olfactory tract (Cranial Nerve #1)

This review paper browses pros and cons of the different radiological modalities for imaging the olfactory tract and highlights the potential benefits and limitation of more recent advances in MR and CT technology. A systematic pictorial overview of pathological conditions affecting olfactory sense is given. Techniques for collecting quantitative data on olfactory bulb volume and on olfactory sulcus depth are described. At last, insights into functional imaging of olfactory sense are shown.