The interactions between breastfeeding mothers and their babies during the breastfeeding session

Breastfeeding mothers and their babies were videotaped during breastfeeding sessions in order to investigate maternal-infant interactions occurring during breastfeeding sessions. The videotaped sessions were later observed and analyzed. The interactions observered during the breastfeeding sessions were elaborate and complex, with each breastfeeding dyad interacting with its own individual style. The study also explored important benefits and disadvantages that breastfeeding provides for different couples.     

How university students evaluate the grammatical style of nutrition messages?

Summary  This study was designed to investigate the response of university students to eight different types of nutritional messages, which encouraged consuming the recommended daily servings of fruit and vegetables to help reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer and obesity. The formats used included offers, obligations, rhetorical questions using 'how about' or 'why not', a suggestive statement, a positive command and a positive command followed by a negative command and vice versa. The aim of the study was to determine if various grammatical styles of the same message could affect respondents' views of their persuasiveness. A total of 1319 university students rated each message for persuasiveness. Positive commands using 'could', instructions which incorporated 'should' and rhetorical question using 'how about' were considered to be more persuasive than the other styles of nutrition messages ( P  < 0.01).     

护理本科生临床实习期间自我和谐状况与应对方式的调查

目的了解护理本科生的自我和谐与应对方式状况，明确两者之间的关系及自我和谐的影响因素，为护理教师有针对性地指导学生提供依据。方法采用问卷调查法，对117名护理本科实习生进行调查。结果学生的自我和谐度以中等居多，应对方式中积极应对和消极应对得分均低于常模（P〈0．05）；个人资料中影响自我和谐总分的因素是家庭教养方式、年龄、对带教方式的态度；积极应对方式与自我和谐及分量表中的自我灵活性呈显著正相关（P〈0.01），与自我经验的不和谐及自我刻板性呈负相关（P〈0．01）；而消极应对则相反。结论学生的积极应对可以促进学生自身和谐，了解两者之间的关系及其影响因素，对于护理教育者采取相应对策促进学生的健康成长、提高我国护理本科生的教育质量具有重要意义。     

浅析大学英语课堂教学模式与学习风格的关系

通过问卷调查方式对河南中医学院非英语专业学生大学英语课堂教学模式进行了调查,然后根据问卷所反映情况进行了研究分析。问卷包括两个部分,第一部分是“学习风格指标”测试表,第二部分是关于英语课堂教学模式的问卷。这样设计问卷是因为认识到教师的教学模式只有与学生的学习风格相契合,才能够获得比较理想的教学效果。     

精神分裂症患者防御方式及家庭背景因素研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者的防御方式、父母教养方式及亲密度和适应性的特点.方法: 采用防御方式问卷(DSQ)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)及家庭亲密度和适应性量表(中文版)(FACESII-CV)对80例精神分裂症患者(研究组)进行了问卷调查,并与80例正常受试者(对照组)加以比较.结果:①研究组中间型和不成熟防御方式因子分均明显高于对照组(P<0.01),而成熟防御方式因子分则明显低于对照组(P<0.05);②研究组父母的情感温暖因子分明显低于对照组(P<0.01),而惩罚及拒绝因子分则明显高于对照组(P<0.01),另外患者父亲的过分干涉及母亲的偏爱被试因子分亦均明显高于对照组(前者P<0.01,后者P<0.05).③研究组家庭的实际亲密度、实际适应性、理想亲密度和理想适应性评分均明显低于对照组(P<0.01).结论: 精神分裂症患者的防御方式、父母教养方式及亲密度和适应性与正常人有着明显的不同.     

Block design reconstruction skills: not a good candidate for an endophenotypic marker in autism research

Superior performance on block design tasks is reported in autistic individuals, although it is not consistently found in high-functioning individuals or individuals with Asperger Syndrome. It is assumed to reflect weak central coherence: an underlying cognitive deficit, which might also be part of the genetic makeup of the disorder. We assessed block design reconstruction skills in high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) from multi-incidence families and in their parents. Performance was compared to relevant matched control groups. We used a task that was assumed to be highly sensitive to subtle performance differences. We did not find individuals with ASD to be significantly faster on this task than the matched control group, not even when the difference between reconstruction time of segmented and pre-segmented designs was compared. However, we found individuals with ASD to make fewer errors during the process of reconstruction which might indicate some dexterity in mental segmentation. However, parents of individuals with ASD did not perform better on the task than control parents. Therefore, based on our data, we conclude that mental segmentation ability as measured with a block design reconstruction task is not a neurocognitive marker or endophenotype useful in genetic studies.     

Competitive inhibition of phlorizin binding byd-glucose and the influence of sodium: a study on isolated brush border membrane of rat kidney

Summary Glucose binding to the luminal cell membrane was studied in the isolated brush border of rat renal cortex by means of inhibition of phlorizin binding to a specific receptor site. This effect was reversible and stereospecific and fulfilled the criteria of fully competitive inhibition. Thus, the kinetic parameters ofd-glucose binding to the same receptor could be derived. The affinity of the receptor to either substrate, phlorizin as well asd-glucose, increased with rising ambient sodium concentration while the number of binding sites remained unchanged. Other cations (K⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺) showed no effect on either parameter. The results of this study are in agreement with a model of transmembrane transport of glucose put forward by Crane.Part of these data were presented at the Spring Meeting 1970 of the German Physiological Society in Erlangen [26].     

护理本科生心理健康状况与应对方式、社会支持的相关性研究

目的：了解护理本科生的心理健康状况及与应对方式、社会支持的相关性。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL－90）、应对方式量表（SCSQ）、社会支持量表（SSRS）对210名护理本科生（护生组）进行测量，并分别与全国青年常模组（常模组）、医学院校其他专业女大学生组（其他组）比较。结果：①SCL－90　7个因子得分除焦虑外，护生组较常模组及其他组高，差异有极显著性意义（均P＜0．01）。主要心理问题为抑郁、强迫、人际关系敏感。②护生组的心理健康状况与应对方式、社会支持显著相关。结论：护理本科生心理健康状况较差，应加强心理健康教育，重点加强应对技能训练和完善社会支持系统。     

Untersuchungen über die Sekretion des Wachstumshormons nach Gabe von Nacom (l-Dopa und l-Carbidopa)

Zusammenfassung Bei Kindern ohne Minderwuchs im Alter von 6–14 Jahren wurde nach oraler Gabe von 250 mg Levodopa und 25 mg l-Carbidopa (Nacom, ein Kombinations-präparat) die Wachstumshormonkonzentration im Serum bestimmt. Alle Probanden zeigten einen ausreichenden Wachstumshormonanstieg. Der Mittelwert betrug 19,6 ng/ml. Nach dem Maximum der HGH-Konzentration ließen sich zwei Gruppen unterscheiden. Die eine Gruppe erreichte zum Zeitpunkt 20 bzw. 40 min, die andere nach 60 bzw. 90 min den stärksten HGH-Anstieg. Aufgrund des Verlaufs der Mittelwertskurve werden 2 Blutentnahmen, 40 und 90 min nach Einnahme des Präparates, zum Ausschluß eines Wachstumshormonmangels für ausreichend gehalten. Das wahrscheinlich zugrundeliegende Wirkungsprinzip der HGH-Sekretion durch l-Dopa und l-Carbidopa wird anhand der Literatur diskutiert.

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HGH secretion after oral application of l-Dopa and l-Carbiodopa

The stimulatory effect of l-Dopa and l-Carbidopa (Nacom) on HGH secretion was determined in 12 children of normal height aged from 6 to 14 years. Each child received a standard dose of 250 mg l-Dopa and 25 mg l-Carbidopa p.o. HGH concentration in the serum was determined at standard intervals. All subjects showed a sufficient increase of HGH. The mean value was 19.6 ng/ml. According to the maximum values of the HGH concentration the sample can be divided into two groups; the first group reached the highest values after 20–40 min, the second one after 60–90 min. On evaluation of the curve of the mean values it appears that 2 blood samples taken 40 and 90 min after the ingestion of l-Dopa and l-Carbidopa are sufficient in order to exclude HGH deficiency. The theoretical background for HGH secretion after stimulation by l-Dopa and l-Carbidopa is discussed.

Herrn Prof. Dr. U. Köttgen zum 70. Geburtstag.