潜水人员防循方式与身心健康关系的研究

目的：了解海军潜水人员的防御方式特点和身心健康状况,并探讨二者的关系。方法：用防循方式问卷和康奈尔医学指数对海军某部177名潜水人员进行团体测验,用等级相关系数分析二者的相关关系。结果：潜水人员防循式与身心健康状况密切相关,不成熟防御方式和中间型防循式对身心健康的影响较大,身心健康问题较多者应用不成熟防御方式的频率较高,结论：防御方式对潜水人员身心健康可能有一定的影响。     

护理人员应付方式的相关因素分析

目的 探讨影响护理人员应付方式的相关因素。方法 采用应付方式问卷和艾森克个性问卷对303名护理人员进行评定。结果 护理人员的应付方式与个性心理特征相关性较大,与年龄和护龄不呈线性关系,与是否倒班和不同的科室无关。4－5年和6－8年护龄的护理人员在应用解决问题应付方式上,比其他护龄组明显减少。结论 应加强护理人员,尤其是工作4－8年的护理人员的应付方式的指导。     

山西省中药产业化发展分析与对策

山西是我国中药材的主产区之一 ,无论古代还是现代党参 ,黄芪等被中医药界公认的地道药材都享誉国内外。文中对我省产量大的数十种中药材进行了阐述 ,并用大量的数据对我省中药材的历史及现状进行了客观的分析 ,与国内中药产业化发展速度快的省市进行了对比 ,同时对国际市场上的相关制药集团的发展也进行了探讨 ,另外对我省中药材产业化发展提出了相应的对策及建议     

长沙市初中生网络成瘾的心理社会因素调查

目的:调查长沙市初中生网络成瘾的发生率,探讨家庭和学校环境、应付方式对中学生网络成瘾的影响。方法:对长沙市的552名初中生进行问卷调查,应用Young网络成瘾诊断量表、家庭关怀度量表、学校满意度量表、应付方式问卷、焦虑、抑郁自评量表进行评估。结果:①580名初中生中,网络成瘾者38人(男生30人,女生8人),网络成瘾的发生率为6.55%。②网络成瘾与未成瘾学生在对学校和家庭满意度、应付方式方面有显著性差异(P<0.05)。③网络成瘾学生的焦虑、抑郁总分均显著高于未成瘾学生(P<0.05)。结论:感觉不到家庭的关怀、对学校生活不满意,焦虑、抑郁严重,遇到应激事件时采用消极的应对方式的初中生容易发生网络成瘾。     

Glutamate: its role in learning,memory, and the aging brain

l-Glutamate is the most abundant of a group of endogenous amino acids in the mammalian central nervous system which presumably function as excitatory neurotransmitters and under abnormal conditions may behave as neurotoxins. As neurotransmitters, these compounds are thought to play an important role in functions of learning and memory. As neurotoxins, they are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders in which cognition is impaired. Moreover, brain structures which are considered anatomical substrata for learning and memory may be particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic actions of these excitatory amino acids, especially in the elderly who are also the segment of the population most susceptible to impairments of mnemonic function. This paper is a review of data concerning the role of excitatory amino acids in the processes of learning and memory and in the pathogenesis and treatment of disorders thereof.     

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in 5-HT-induced relaxations of the guinea-pig stomach

Summary In a previous study we showed that the relaxations induced after vagal stimulation of the guinea-pig stomach are mediated via nitric oxide (NO) or a NO-related substance. Intra-arterial injection (i.a.) of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) also induced relaxations in the guinea-pig stomach. Since it has been shown that in the guinea-pig colon 5-HT-induced relaxations are mediated via NO the aim of this study was to establish whether NO is involved in the 5-HT-induced relaxations in the guinea-pig stomach. Intra-arterial injection of 5-HT induced dose-dependent relaxations of the stomach. Since atropine and - and -adrenoceptor blocking agents did not influence the relaxation and since tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocked the relaxations, this effect is mediated via NANC-neurons. Administration of a NO-synthase-inhibitor N^G-nitro-l-arginine (L-NNA) concentration-dependently reduced the 5-HT-induced relaxations. Haemoglobin (a NO-scavanger) did not affect the relaxations to 5-HT, while addition of methylene blue, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, reduced the relaxations by 50%. Addition of an opioid receptor agonist (loperamide), a 5-HT₁ antagonist (methiothepin or metergoline) or a 5-HT₄ receptor agonist (cisapride) or-antagonist (tropisetron in micromolar concentrations) inhibited the 5-HT-induced relaxations. Neither the 5-HT₄ receptor agonist renzapride, nor the novel 5-HT₄ receptor antagonist SDZ 205-557, affected the relaxations to 5-HT. These data indicate that 5-HT-induced relaxations of the guinea-pig stomach are mediated via NANC-inhibitory nerves on which inhibitory opioid-receptors are present. The use of selective agonists and antagonists indicates that 5-HT does not act via 5-HT₂, 5-HT₃ or 5-HT₄ receptors. 5-HT may act via 5-HT₁ receptors but the subtype involved, if any, has not yet been identified. The inhibitory neurotransmitter which is involved is NO or a NO-related substance. Correspondence to A. L. Meulemans at the above address     

Metabolism and distribution in the rat of peak E substance,a constituent inl-tryptophan product implicated in eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

Peak E substance, 1,1-ethylidenebis[tryptophan], a contaminant found inl-tryptophan tablets, has been suggested as a causative agent for eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS). Peak E substance (50 mg/kg) was administered perorally to Wistar rats to determine its metabolism and distribution. A purification procedure using Bond Elut C₈ cartridges followed by HPLC was developed for the determination of peak E substance. The plasma concentration of peak E substance was 136 ng/ml at 1 h, and urinary excretion was 717 ng at 5 h and 10342 ng for 5–24 h, showing slow excretion of peak E substance into urine. The amount of peak E substance in the contents of the large intestine at 5 h, however, was 3136 g, much greater than urinary excretion for 24 h, indicating considerable transfer of peak E substance to large intestine without decomposition by gastric fluid in the stomach. We have detected for the first time not only the occurrence of peak E substance in plasma and urine, but also 1-methyl-tetrahydro--carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) in blood and organs of rats treated with peak E substance, thereby suggesting MTCA as one of the the metabolites of peak E substance. The amount of MTCA in the contents of the large intestine as well as in urine of rats treated with peak E substance was significantly greater than inl-tryptophantreated rats (50 mg/kg p.o.), demonstrating that MTCA was more readily produced from peak E substance than froml-tryptophan. Finally, we propose acetaldehydeinduced production of MTCA from peak E substance.     

Accumulation of 1-methyl-tetrahydro-Β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid in blood and organs of rat. A possible causative substance of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with ingestion ofl-tryptophan

1-Methyl-tetrahydro--carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) may cause eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) associated with ingestion ofl-tryptophan. The distribution and excretion of MTCA were studied in rats which had received perorally a single 1.6 mg/kg dose of MTCA. MTCA concentrations in blood, kidney, liver, brain, heart, spleen, lung and gastrocnemius muscle were measured by HPLC combined with fluorometric detection. The concentration of MTCA in each organ reached a maximum at 1 h and then gradually declined. However, a significant level of MTCA still remained at 5 h, when 52% of ingested MTCA remained in the contents of the large intestine. Twenty-nine percent of the ingested MTCA was excreted in urine over the course of 24 h. A higher dose (10 mg/kg) of MTCA resulted in significant elevations in the concentrations and amounts of MTCA in the various organs. In addition, chronic treatment with a 10 mg/kg dose of MTCA for 6 weeks further increased the concentrations and amounts of MTCA in each organ. However, no histological changes were observed in any of the organs after chronic treatment. This is the first report which demonstrates accumulation of MTCA in the blood and various organs, including muscle, of rats.     

Audit of intensive care unit admissions from the operating room

An audit of 265 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions from the operating room was performed for the year 1991. In a quality assurance exercise we identified 34 unanticipated ICU admissions (UIAs) by a retrospective peer review of the medical charts. Of these UIAs, 16 were deemed predictable and seven preventable. Five of the seven potentially preventable UIAs were judged to have had inappropriate intravenous fluid management. This has prompted changes in our education programme. In an assessment of our resource management, we evaluated prospectively collected data on the Apache II scores on the day of admission, the incidence of ICU-specific interventions, length of stay in ICU, and outcomes. ICU-specific interventions were not initially required in 36% of admissions and these patients had a low risk (1.1%) of eventually requiring ICU-specific interventions. In comparison with patients requiring ICU-specific interventions, they had lower Apache II scores (10.2 vs 13.1), shorter ICU stays (medians of one vs two days), lower ICU mortality (0 vs 8.2%), P < 0.05, but hospital mortality was not different (7.4 vs 15.3%). This audit has prompted re-organisation of our intensive care services, so that patients not requiring ICU-specific interventions will be managed in an intermediate care area with nurse.patient ratios of 1:3 or 4, in comparison with 1:1 or 2 ratios in the intensive care area.     

Caesarean section and phaeochromocytoma resection in a patient with Von Hippel Lindau disease

This report describes the anaesthetic management of a women with a term gestation, Von Hippel Lindau disease (VHLD), and a phaeochromocytoma, scheduled for a combined phaeochromocytoma resection and Caesarean section. Von Hippel Lindau disease is characterized by diffuse haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system (CNS) and viscera. It is also associated with phaeochromocytomas and renal cell carcinomas. Patients frequently have asymptomatic spinal cord and intracranial pathology. The patient and her fetus presented a challenge because of the anaesthetic restrictions imposed by VHLD, and her pregnancy. She was also at risk of developing malignant hypertension from the phaeochromocytoma. The patient was not a candidate for regional anaesthesia because of the possibility of spinal cord haemangioblastomas. She had received adrenergic blockade with phentolamine (total 30 mg a day) and propranolol (total 40 mg a day) since the 27th wk of gestation in order to control hypertension secondary to the phaeochromocytoma. General anaesthesia was administered with aggressive management of hypertension with adrenergic blockers (labetalol 1.0 mg · kg^?1 and esmolol 0.75 mg · kg^?1) and sodium nitroprusside 1.5 μg · kg^?1 (total). Before delivery of the baby, opioids, which could have resulted in a fetus with CNS depression, were avoided. After delivery, opioids (sufentanil 0.4 ng · kg^?1 hr^?1) were used to limit the use of inhalational anaesthesia which may contribute to uterine atony. Postoperative pain was managed with an intravenous narcotic infusion. Both patients had uneventful postoperative courses.