绝经后骨质疏松症患者运动干预的最佳证据总结

背景 运动为防治绝经后骨质疏松症经济有效的干预措施之一,但目前其相关证据内容广泛且分散,临床尚无规范、全面的运动指导方案。目的 检索、评价并总结绝经后骨质疏松症患者运动干预的最佳证据。方法 系统检索BMJ Best Practice、Up To Date临床顾问、Dyna Med,英国国家临床医学研究所指南网、国际指南网、苏格兰学院间指南网、美国指南网,加拿大安大略注册护士协会、国际骨质疏松症基金会、英国皇家骨质疏松协会、美国骨质疏松症基金会、澳大利亚皇家全科医师学院、美国妇产科医师学会、加拿大妇产科医师协会、医脉通、澳大利亚乔安娜循证研究所网站,Cochrane Library、CINAHL、Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、中国知网、中国生物医学文献服务系统中关于绝经后骨质疏松症运动干预的临床实践指南、临床决策、证据总结、专家共识、系统评价。检索时限为建库至2022年1月。采用临床指南研究与评价系统(AGREEⅡ)对指南进行质量评价,采用证据总结评价工作表(CASE)对临床决策进行质量评价,采用澳大利亚JBI循证卫生保健中心专家共识的真实性评价工具(2016...     

备孕期高血压的规范管理

近年来由于生活压力的增加,我国越来越多的育龄期男女罹患高血压,因此如何规范管理备孕期高血压已成为当前的焦点。本文从备孕期间血压的监测与评估和降压药的使用两方面分别对育龄期男性和女性备孕期间的血压规范管理进行阐述,强调女性备孕期间的高血压管理应同时考虑母体和胎儿的安全性,选择相对安全的降压药,如甲基多巴、拉贝洛尔、硝苯地平等;男性备孕期间的高血压管理应同时考虑降压药的疗效及其对性功能和精子的影响,推荐奈必洛尔、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂（ARB）和钙离子通道阻滞剂（CCB）类药物,旨在为临床备孕期高血压的管理提供指导并为未来研究提供参考方向。     

纳米颗粒和外泌体靶向载药系统诊治动脉粥样硬化的机遇与挑战

动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性炎症性疾病,粥样斑块慢性聚集并沉积于大中型动脉内膜,导致严重的狭窄和血运障碍,引发组织器官缺血缺氧。纳米药物相对于传统药物在动脉粥样硬化治疗中因其具有独特的优势而广泛受到关注。本文重点综述几种纳米靶向颗粒（系统）和外泌体靶向载药系统在抗动脉粥样硬化研究中的应用,简述代表性纳米材料的合成过程,对其靶向性进行分析,并概述纳米药物的益处和内在挑战。尽管面临着一些需要解决和完善的挑战,但是纳米颗粒和外泌体靶向载药治疗的前景广阔,并有望将其推广应用于临床实践中。     

双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗对肺炎支原体肺炎腹泻患儿胃肠炎症的调节作用

目的观察双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗对肺炎支原体肺炎腹泻患儿胃肠炎症的调节作用。 方法将肺炎支原体肺炎伴腹泻的患儿106例均分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊治疗。比较两组疗效和肠道菌群失调发生率。比较两组胃肠激素、降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、中性粒细胞百分比(NEUT%)、嗜酸性粒细胞计数(EOS)水平。 结果观察组总有效率高于对照组(P＜0.05)。治疗后,两组胃肠激素和PCT、CRP、NEUT%、EOS较治疗前下降(P＜0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P＜0.05)。观察组肠道菌群失调发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05)。 结论双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗可减轻肺炎支原体并腹泻肺炎患儿炎症反应,调节胃肠激素,降低患儿肠道菌群失调的发生。     

血清炎性因子在骨折延迟愈合患者富血小板血浆治疗中的变化

探讨血清炎性因子在骨折延迟愈合患者富血小板血浆治疗中的变化。方法 选取2020年4月—2021年4月我院收治的98例骨折患者,均予以富血小板血浆联合钢板内固定手术治疗,根据术后6个月内是否发生骨折延迟愈合分为延迟愈合组（37例）和正常愈合组（61例）。分别于骨折后1、4、8、12周采集患者血清样本,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清人可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1（sICAM-1）、人可溶性血管细胞粘附分子-1（sVCAM-1）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）等炎症因子水平,并绘制ROC曲线,评估其对骨折延迟愈合的预测价值。采用酶联免疫双抗体夹心法检测血清骨钙素（BGP）、Ⅰ型胶原氨基端肽原（PINP）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）等骨生化代谢指标水平,并采用Pearson分析骨生化代谢指标与炎症因子的关系。结果 骨折1周时,两组患者血清sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、TNF-α等炎症因子水平比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;骨折4、8、12周时,延迟愈合组患者血清sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、TNF-α等炎症因子水平均高于正常愈合组（P＜0.05）,且随着时间推移,两组患者血清sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、TNF-α水平先升高后降低,但延迟愈合组炎症因子水平波动较正常愈合组更明显（P＜0.05）。骨折1周时,两组患者血清BGP、PINP、ALP、IGF-1等骨生化代谢指标水平比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,且两组各时间点血清ALP水平比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）; 骨折4、8、12周时延迟愈合组患者血清BGP水平逐渐升高并高于正常愈合组,血清IGF-1水平逐渐升高但低于正常愈合组,骨折8、12周时延迟愈合组患者血清PINP水平低于正常愈合组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,血清sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、TNF-α等炎症因子水平与血清BGP呈正相关（r=0.523,P＜0.001）,与血清IGF-1呈负相关（r=-0.467,P＜0.001）。ROC曲线分析结果显示,骨折8周时,血清炎症因子水平诊断骨折延迟愈合的曲线下面积高于0.7,提示其具有较好诊断价值,且联合检测对骨折延迟愈合诊断的灵敏度更高（P＜0.05）。结论 延迟愈合骨折患者血清sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、TNF-α等炎症因子指标水平随骨折时间增加呈现先升高后降低变化,炎症因子指标水平波动明显,且术后8周时血清炎症因子对预测骨折延迟愈合具有一定参考意义     

中医综合疗法对假性近视患者黄斑处脉络膜厚度及微血流密度的影响

[目的] 研究中医综合疗法对青少年假性近视患者黄斑处脉络膜厚度及微血流密度的影响,为中医疗法在青少年假性近视的治疗方面提供依据。[方法] 使用SPSS 21.0软件产生随机数字,将51例（102只眼）假性近视青少年患者随机分成对照组和治疗组。对照组患者27例（54只眼）,单纯使用复方托吡卡胺滴眼液点眼治疗;治疗组患者24例（48只眼）,在对照组治疗的基础上配合中药雾化、中药眼贴和耳穴埋籽等中医综合治疗。两组患者疗程均为8周,治疗前后检测两组患者裸眼远视力、电脑验光屈光度数、黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度及黄斑区浅层血流密度,并评价两组患者疗效。[结果] 1）治疗组1例因中药雾化过敏导致脱落,最终纳入23例（46只眼）。2）治疗8周后,治疗组总有效率为92.3%,对照组总有效率为75.0%,治疗组疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。3）治疗后,治疗组患者平均视力较治疗前提高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;对照组患者平均视力较治疗前无明显改善,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。组间比较方面,治疗组治疗后平均视力较对照组有一定提高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。4）经治疗,治疗组患者平均假性近视度数较治疗前下降,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;对照组患者平均假性近视度数较治疗前略有下降,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。组间比较方面,治疗组治疗后平均假性近视度数较对照组有一定下降,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。5）治疗组患者黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度较治疗前增厚,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;对照组黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度较治疗前无明显改变,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;组间比较方面,治疗组治疗后黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度较对照组增厚,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。6）治疗后,治疗组黄斑区浅层血流密度较治疗前增加,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;对照组黄斑区浅层血流密度较治疗前增加,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;组间比较方面,治疗组治疗后黄斑区浅层血流密度较对照组明显增加,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。[结论] 采用中医综合疗法对青少年假性近视治疗效果较好,并且可以增加黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度及黄斑区浅层血流密度,短期观察无不良反应,值得临床推广运用。     

调和阴阳法针灸对老年不寐患者睡眠质量及MT、NE、5-HT水平的影响

目的 探讨调和阴阳法针灸对老年不寐患者睡眠质量及褪黑素（MT）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）水平的影响。方法 选取2020年7月—2022年7月河北医科大学第一医院收治的老年不寐患者120例,采用随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,每组60例。对照组采取常规药物治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合调和阴阳法针灸。比较两组临床疗效,同时评估其中医证候积分和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）评分,测定MT、NE、5-HT、多巴胺（DA）、γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）水平,观察记录不良反应发生情况。结果 观察组总有效率高于对照组（P <0.05）;观察组治疗前后入睡困难、多梦易醒、神疲食少、目赤口苦、舌红少津、脉弦数、舌苔黄评分的差值均高于对照组（P <0.05）。观察组与对照组治疗前及治疗后2、4周的PSQI评分比较,结果 ①不同时间点PSQI评分比较,差异有统计学意义（F =17.894,P =0.000）;②两组PSQI评分比较,差异有统计学意义（F =26.894,P =0.000）,观察组PSQI评分较低,相对睡眠质量较好;③观察组与对照组PSQI评分变化趋势比较,差异有统计学意义（F =45.247,P =0.000）。观察组治疗前后睡眠总时间、快速眼动睡眠期、睡眠潜伏期、醒觉时间、睡眠效率的差值均高于对照组（P <0.05）;观察组治疗前后MT、NE、5-HT的差值均高于对照组（P <0.05）;观察组治疗前后DA、GABA的差值均高于对照组（P <0.05）;两组不良反应总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。结论 调和阴阳法针灸治疗老年失眠症疗效显著,不仅能有效改善患者中医症状、睡眠质量及睡眠结构,还能改善血清MT、NE、5-HT、DA、GABA水平,安全性较高。     

Factors influencing the likelihood of successful decisions to treat dentin caries from bitewing radiographs

The purpose of this study was to describe the role played by the ability to estimate caries depth in successfully deciding to treat dentin caries when making use of bitewing radiographs as a diagnostic test. A 10% random sample (n = 444) of Dutch dental practitioners was sent a two-wave questionnaire concerning radiographic caries diagnosis and restorative treatment decision making. The second wave consisted of simulated bitewing radiographs of 105 tooth surfaces with and without dentin caries according to two measuring standards: (a) a micro-radiographic "gold" standard and (b) a norm of expert observers. The dentists were asked to diagnose caries at 4 depths of penetration using a 5-point certainty scoring system to measure diagnostic ability; and to make a treatment decision for each surface. The overall response was 61% (273). A regression analysis was carried out using the chance per dentist of correctly deciding to treat dentin caries as the dependent variable. The degree of agreement with the experts' diagnosis of radiographic caries depth was used to create variables measuring diagnostic ability. Five significant (P less than 0.05) variables explained 60% (R2 = 0.60) of the variation in decision making. The best diagnostic ability variable explained 47% of the variation while the treatment criterion reportedly used explained 3%. We conclude that the ability of practitioners to interpret radiographs plays a major role in treatment decision making and that their reported treatment decision making criteria should not be taken at face value.     

Gene therapy of malignant brain tumors: a rat glioma line bearing the herpes simplex virus type 1-thymidine kinase gene and wild type retrovirus kills other tumor cells.

Tumor cells infected with a retrovirus vector (VIK) containing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene can be selectively killed by treatment with nucleoside analogues, such as ganciclovir. To mediate delivery of the HSV-TK gene to "recipient" tumor cells, "donor" C6 rat glioma cells infected with the VIK vector (C6VIK) were superinfected with wild type Moloney murine leukemia virus (WT Mo-MLV). These modified donor cells (C6VIKWT) produced both wild type retrovirus and the VIK vector. In culture, C6VIKWT cells were 300-fold more sensitive to the toxicity of ganciclovir than were C6VIK cells, suggesting that the presence of wild type retrovirus contributed to the toxicity. Co-culture of C6VIKWT cells with the C6 subline, C6BAG, sensitized the latter to ganciclovir treatment. Nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with a mixture of C6VIKWT and C6BAG cells showed regression of subsequent tumors when treated with ganciclovir. The observations show that tumor cells modified in culture by infection with a retrovirus bearing the HSV-TK gene and wild type retrovirus are not only sensitive to ganciclovir, but can transfer this sensitivity to neighboring "naive" tumor cells in culture and in vivo.     

The role of imperatives in psychopathology: A reply to Ellis

In his recent formulations of rational emotive therapy (RET), Ellis (1985) has increasingly emphasized what he believes to be the central role of necessitous thinking or musturbation in the development of depression. In his most recent article (Ellis, 1987), he suggests that necessitous thinking is the primary cognitive component of depression and that RET stands alone in its recognition of the role of this cognitive element. The present study addressed three issues raised by Ellis's paper: (1) Clarify whether necessitous thinking has been neglected by other cognitive theorists, (2) test empirically the role of necessitou thinking in depression relative to other established cognitive constructs, e.g., the cognitive triad (Beck, 1967), and (3) determine whether necessitous thinking is particularly salient in depression as compared with other forms of psychopathology. It was predicted that necessitous thinking would be found in other forms of psychology in addition to depression, and this was confirmed. The results are discussed as highlighting the importance of empirically testing theoretical predictions.From the Foundation for Cognitive Therapy.