乳酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查

目的建立乳酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。方法用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的样品分别进行干扰试验，建立乳酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。结果乳酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液稀释至质量浓度为0.5mg/mL时对细菌内毒素检查无干扰。结论可用细菌内毒素检查法代替热原检查法检查乳酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素。     

HPLC法测定缩合葡萄糖氯化钠注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛及糠醛的方法学研究

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定缩合葡萄糖氯化钠注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛及糠醛的方法。方法采用Shi-madzu C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相组成为0.05 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾-甲醇(92∶8),流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为284 nm;进样量为20μL。结果 5-羟甲基糠醛及糠醛溶液的稳定性,重复性及检测限都能满足限度的测定。结论本法简便,快捷,准确,可用于缩合葡萄糖氯化钠注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛及糠醛的测定。     

氯化琥珀胆碱注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法的研究

目的建立氯化琥珀胆碱注射液细菌内毒素检查方法。方法采用2005年版中国药典附录细菌内毒素检查法。结果氯化琥珀胆碱注射液可抑制鲎试剂与细菌内毒素的凝胶反应,但通过稀释可消除抑制干扰,将其稀释至0.5mg·ml-1后,用灵敏度为0.25EU·ml-1的鲎试剂进行干扰试验,结果无增强、抑制干扰。结论氯化琥珀胆碱注射液细菌内毒素限值确定为0.5EU·mg-1,可应用鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素法检查。     

Chloride channels gated by extrajunctional glutamate receptors (H-receptors) on locust leg muscle

Outside-out patches of extrasynaptic membrane were isolated from leg muscles of locusts. L-Glutamate and its agonists were applied to such patches either continuously or in rapidly switched pulses. When the pipette contained a high chloride concentration, 2.5 x 10(-5) M glutamate triggered single-channel currents (gated by H-receptors) with a conductance of 25 pS which were carried by chloride, in addition to cationic channels (gated by D-receptors). For the chloride channels, the distribution of channel open times had components of about 2 and 12 ms. Pulses of higher glutamate concentrations elicited many superimposed channel openings, and the approximately saturating concentration of 10(-3) M glutamate opened 100-200 channels simultaneously. When the pipette contained low chloride, channel conductance was reduced, and the current voltage relation was shifted towards the now negative chloride equilibrium potential. H-Receptor-gated chloride channels were activated by glutamate, ibotenate and aspartate, but not by GABA, quisqualate, kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate and carbachol. The currents declined in the continued presence of agonist showing a time constant of desensitization greater than 1 s. Recovery from desensitization after removal of the agonist was tested with double pulses and was found to have a time constant of about 300 ms.     

Ferric Citrate Reduces Intravenous Iron and Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Use in ESRD

Ferric citrate (FC) is a phosphate binder with shown efficacy and additional effects on iron stores and use of intravenous (iv) iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). We provide detailed analyses of changes in iron/hematologic parameters and iv iron/ESA use at time points throughout the active control period of a phase 3 international randomized clinical trial. In all, 441 subjects were randomized (292 to FC and 149 to sevelamer carbonate and/or calcium acetate [active control (AC)]) and followed for 52 weeks. Subjects on FC had increased ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) levels compared with subjects on AC by week 12 (change in ferritin, 114.1±29.35 ng/ml; P<0.001; change in TSAT, 8.62%±1.57%; P<0.001). Change in TSAT plateaued at this point, whereas change in ferritin increased through week 24, remaining relatively stable thereafter. Subjects on FC needed less iv iron compared with subjects on AC over 52 weeks (median [interquartile range] dose=12.9 [1.0–28.9] versus 26.8 [13.4–47.6] mg/wk; P<0.001), and the percentage of subjects not requiring iv iron was higher with FC (P<0.001). Cumulative ESA over 52 weeks was lower with FC than AC (median [interquartile range] dose=5303 [2023–9695] versus 6954 [2664–12,375] units/wk; P=0.04). Overall, 90.3% of subjects on FC and 89.3% of subjects on AC experienced adverse events. In conclusion, treatment with FC as a phosphate binder results in increased iron parameters apparent after 12 weeks and reduces iv iron and ESA use while maintaining hemoglobin over 52 weeks, with a safety profile similar to that of available binders.     

Prior exposure to a brief restraint session facilitates the occurrence of fear in response to a conflict situation: behavioral and neurochemical correlates

The influence of two different stressors on the behavioral and neurochemical responses to a subsequent exposure to the elevated plus maze (EPM) was examined. Rats were submitted to either a 15-min restraint period or to a 15-min forced swimming test (FS) and one day later exposed to the EPM. Animals with early restraint exhibited a significant decrease in the percent time spent and in the number of entries on the open arms. In addition, restraint induced a reduction in the total number of entries. An identical behavior in the EPM was observed between unstressed rats and those exposed to a previous swimming experience. As a humoral index of stress, corticosterone (CS) secretion in response to each stressor was evaluated. A similar increase of CS release was observed following each aversive stimulus. Exposure to both restraint and EPM decreased the cortical chloride uptake following GABA stimulation. Similar values of chloride flux were obtained from animals submitted to either restraint but without subsequent exposure to the EPM, exposed only to the EPM, or without any manipulation (controls). These findings are discussed in terms of a facilitated behavioral and neurochemical response to a fearful situation following an early and brief restraint experience.     

MI—921A型全自动临床电解质分析仪的研制

根据离子选择电极测量原理，研制了一种快速测量人体血清中钾、钠、氯、钙离子含量的全自动分析仪。仪器具有快速、准确、微量、方便等特点。给出了仪器结构及工作原理，硬件、软件设计和临床应用的测量结果。     

Diffusion of chloride ions in the mucus on the oesophagus ofEnophrys bison,a marine teleost fish

Microelectrodes sensitive to Cl^– have been used to estimate the diffusion coefficient for Cl^– in the mucus on the oesophagus of a marine teleost fish,Enophrys bison. The estimate was 0.231×10^–5 cm² s^–1. This value is significantly less than the value in saline or in seawater. The technique was based on a simple interpretation of Ficks 1st law. The flux of Cl^– across an isolated, everted preparation of oesophagus was compared to the concentration gradient of Cl^– within the mucous layer and its thickness and the surface area of the preparation available to diffusion.     

The efficacy of quantitative and qualitative chloride titrators in the estimation of human salt intake

Summary We evaluated the utility of chloride titrator sticks for facilitating the assessment of dietary salt intake, in a systematic series of clinical trials. These inexpensive devices were applied daily to 24-h or nocturnal urine specimens, thereby avoiding the inter- and intra-subject variability in salt excretion which confounds the use of occasional 24-h urine collections. Chloride and sodium concentrations in urine were highly correlated (r>0.92) in either nocturnal, diurnal, or 24-h collections. The quantitative chloride titrator estimates and measured chloride concentrations were highly correlated as well (r>0.99). The qualitative chloride titrator was graded on a simple scale, and was successfully employed by outpatients attempting to limit their salt intake. Commonly used antihypertensive medications did not interfere with the determinations. Additional chloride intake, such as supplemental potassium chloride, interfered with estimates of salt ingestion, but if the daily amount of potassium chloride supplement was constant, adjustments in interpretation could be made. Renal insufficiency introduced a systematic over-estimation of salt intake by the qualitative chloride tirator, but only at high salt intakes. Relative estimates of salt intake in subjects with renal failure were still possible. We conclude that chloride titrators can facilitate the management of patients who require a prescribed salt intake.Abbreviations SEM standard error of mean - UNaV urinary sodium excretion These studies were supported by US PHS grants NO1-HV-02904, HL 27398, General Clinical Research Center grant RR00750, and a grant in aid from the Ames Co., Division of Miles Laboratories