探讨急性脑梗死不同治疗方法的TOAST分型及其影像学表现

目的应用多模磁共振扩散加权成像-灌注加权成像分析急性脑梗死不同治疗方法的影像学表现特征。材料与方法回顾性分析在我院神经内科住院治疗的急性脑梗死患者110例,所有患者均行多模磁共振检查,记录其影像学表现、临床资料和实验室常规检查,并根据结果行扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)分型及急性卒中治疗Org 10172试验(trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment,TOAST)分型,根据不同治疗方法分为静脉溶栓组(43例)、动脉取栓组(34例)及保守治疗组(33例),并对3组的影像学及临床资料进行统计学分析。结果 (1)动脉取栓组患者存在半暗带及血管高信号征的比率均高于静脉溶栓组及保守治疗组,差异均有统计学意义(F=13.713,P=0.001;F=8.108,P=0.017)。(2)在DWI分型构成比方面,静脉溶栓组以小穿支梗死及单侧前循环梗死所占比率较大(25.58%、23.26%),动脉取栓组和保守治疗组以单侧前循环及前-后循环所占比率较大(52.94%、21.43%;30.30%、30.30%)。(3)在TOAST分型构成比方面,静脉溶栓组以大动脉粥样硬化型(largeartery atherosclerosis,LAA)所占比率最高(39.53%),动脉取栓组以不明原因型(undetermined etiology,UND)所占比率最高(73.53%),保守治疗组以小动脉闭塞型(small artery occlusion,SAO)所占比率最高(48.48%)。(4)在磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)影像学表现上,静脉溶栓组及保守治疗组MRA表现正常所占比率最高(72.09%、51.52%),而动脉取栓组MRA表现为大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞所占比率最高(41.18%)。(5)3组间比较,动脉取栓组的出血转化率最高(26.47%),差异有统计学意义(F=6.462,P=0.040)。(6)入院美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分及高血脂症在3组间比较差异具有统计学意义(t=6.209,P=0.003;F=6.176,P=0.046)。(7)保守治疗组发病时间(6.55±4.70)长于静脉溶栓组(2.93±1.05)及动脉取栓组(3.07±2.51),3组间差异有统计学意义(t=16.246,P=0.000)。结论了解不同治疗方法患者的影像学表现特征,可帮助临床医生根据具体情况选择合理的治疗方案,实现个性化治疗。     

A note on the surface topography of profiled wood decking

Profiled wooden deck-boards with small peaks and grooves machined into their surface are preferred in many countries to flat deck-boards because profiling makes the surface less slippery and prone to checking. Numerous companies manufacture profiled decking, and in this paper we examine the variation in topography of profiled wood decking. The topography of commercial profiled decking used in seven different countries was quantified using confocal profilometry, and principal components analysis was used to explore variability in topography between profiled decking samples and relationships between them. Confocal profilometry was able to measure the topography of profiled decking. We observed large variation in the height and width of profile peaks and also their peak and groove radii. Profiled decking can be classified into three morphological groups using the ratio of radii of surface grooves to those of peaks. Two of these groups, ribbed and rippled decking have been mentioned previously, but we identify and name a third group (ribble profile) with surface topography that lies between those of ribbed and rippled profiles. Our method of classifying profiles makes it possible to identify different types of profiled decking and provides a way of systematically comparing how profile topography influences the ability of profiles to restrict the checking of wood.     

Diabetic ketoacidosis. Induction of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia by phosphate therapy.

A nine year old boy with previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus presented with severe ketoacidosis. His hyperglycemia (plasma glucose = 786 mg/dl), acidosis (arterial pH = 6.86), dehydration and coma responded well to therapy with intravenous fluids, bicarbonate and insulin. Potassium supplementation was given as a phosphate salt.Despite marked clinical and biochemical improvement, 28 hours after therapy was initiated he was found to have profound hypocalcemia (2.6 meq/liter), hypomagnesemia (0.8 meq/liter) and hyperphosphatemia (9.2 mg/dl). All three electrolyte levels had been normal upon admission, and they were gradually corrected with appropriate supplementation of calcium and magnesium and discontinuation of the intravenous phosphate. We interpret these iatrogenic electrolyte abnormalities in the patient described to have been the result of the massive phosphate load administered, resulting not only in hypocalcemia, but also in hypomagnesemia that inhibited parathyroid hormone release.Current recommendations suggest replacement of the potassium losses in diabetic ketoacidosis with the phosphate salt to compensate for depleted stores of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. We caution physicians that such a regimen can result in severe electrolyte disturbances which potentially may be life threatening. Judicious use of potassium phosphate as an adjunct to traditional potassium chloride therapy, and close monitoring of serum calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, appears to be a preferable therapeutic regimen than potassium phosphate alone.     

Guidelines for epilepsy management in India classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes

This article is part of the Guidelines for Epilepsy management in India. This article reviews the classification systems used for epileptic seizures and epilepsy and present the recommendations based on current evidence. At present, epilepsy is classified according to seizure type and epilepsy syndrome using the universally accepted International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of epileptic seizures and epilepsy syndromes. A multi-axial classification system incorporating ictal phenomenology, seizure type, epilepsy syndrome, etiology and impairments is being developed by the ILAE task force. The need to consider age-related epilepsy syndromes is particularly important in children with epilepsy. The correct classification of seizure type and epilepsy syndrome helps the individual with epilepsy to receive appropriate investigations, treatment, and information about the likely prognosis.     

B细胞在狼疮肾炎肾组织中的分布及临床意义

Objective To investigate B-cell distribution in lupus nephritis and evaluate its significance in pathological classification.Methods Kidney biopsy specimens were obtained consecutively from 119 patients with LN, B lymphocytes distribution were detected using immunohistochemical staining with specific antibodies and were classified into 5 groups.Chi-square test and t test were used for statistical analysis.Results ①B lymphocytes infiltration occurred in 52.1% of the LN patients (62/119), B lymphocytes were mainly distributed in the renal interstitial tissue, which occurred most frequently in class Ⅳ LN but rare in class Ⅴ LN. ②B-cell infiltrating group was associated with active disease presentations and chronic indices P＜0.01). Blood urea nitrogen(BUN)[(12±9) vs (6±3) mmol/L] and serum creatinine(Cr)[(105±84) vs(61±21) μmol/L] were higher in B-cell infiltrates group than non-B-cell infiltration group (all P＜0.01). ③Kidney biopsy specimens showed predominantly IgG deposit in immune-fluorescency intensity examination.The Ig subtype which deposited in B-cell infiltrating group was not statistically different from those deposited in non-B cell infiltrating group (P＞0.05). Conclusion This study has shown that renal B cell infiltration occurs in 52.1% of the LN patients.Patients with renal B cell infiltration have more severe kidney tissue injury and poorer renal outcomes than patients without B cell infiltration. Renal B lymphocytes infiltration may contribute to the pathogenesis of LN in a non-antibody-secreting way.     

缺血性卒中病因分型法在中国卒中人群应用效果的比较

一医院脑血管科,温州325000目的:评价Adams等的TOAST分型法和SangWonHan等的新分型法的一致性,并研究用这两种分型法在中国卒中人群中诊断的各亚型的差异。方法:连续入选395例急性缺血性卒中患者,由一名神经科医生分别采用两种分型法在出院时进行病因分型,用χ2检验比较两种分型的各亚型比例的差异;同时,随机选取20例患者由两位神经科医生独立进行两种方法分型,采用Kappa分析评价研究者间的一致性。结果:(1)用TOAST分型法,两名医生对20例患者的病因分型有17例一致,K=0.78;采用SangWonHan新分型有18例一致,K=0.93。(2)TOAST分型的构成比:不明原因39.0%、小动脉闭塞29.6%、大动脉粥样硬化21.3%、心源性栓塞8.9%、其他明确病因1.3%;SangWonHan新分型的构成比:动脉粥样硬化血栓形成44.6%、不明原因25.1%、小动脉闭塞23.3%、心源性栓塞5.8%、其他明确病因型1.3%。结论:这两种分型法的研究者间的一致性都较高;与TOAST分型相比,SangWonHan新分型法,一致性更高,不明原因型的比例更少,动脉粥样硬化血栓形成型的比例增加。     

Classification of adrenal cortical tumors: promise of the 'molecular' approach

Surgical pathologists, using routine histological techniques and tumor morphology, have established the overall taxonomy of adrenal cortical tumors that dictates care of patients with these tumors. However, a novel molecular classification of these tumors would provide numerous benefits to clinicians and patients, including a more accurate classification of diagnostically intermediate tumors, separation of carcinomas into prognostically-relevant subgroups, and optimal selection of therapy. Recent advances towards a molecular classification of adrenal cortical tumors are presented and discussed.     

应用2008年WHO新分类分析骨髓增生异常综合征患者186例

目的:应用2008年WHO髓系肿瘤新分类法,对既往诊断的骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者重新分类,了解各亚型的临床和实验室检查特点。方法:回顾性分析186例MDS患者初发病时的临床表现、血常规、骨髓象、骨髓病理学和细胞遗传学等方面的临床特点。RCUD34例,RARS19例,RCMD22例,RAEB-162例,RAEB-237例,MDS-U9例,5q-3例。并进行电话随访,追踪其临床病情进展情况。对随访结果结合临床资料应用SPSS13.0软件包进行数据处理。结果:按照新分型标准,34例RCUD中,RA12例,RN19例,RT13例,186例MDS患者中位发病年龄为62岁,资料齐全的随访病例123例,中位生存期30.2个月,各亚型中位生存期分别为RCUD84个月,RARS50个月,RCMD40个月,RAEB-117个月,RAEB-211个月,MDS-U69个月,RCUD、RARS、RCMD及MDS-U的中位生存期与RAEB-1、RAEB-2差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。已确诊转化为急性髓系白血病共14例,其中12例死亡,转白后中位生存期仅4个月。结论:新分型标准中RCUD包含原有的RA亚型,新增加RN、RT亚...