Aortic aneurysm and dissection are not associated with an increased risk for giant cell arteritis/ polymyalgia rheumatica

It has recently been claimed that giant cell arteritis (GCA) is associated with a markedly increased risk of aortic aneurysm formation or rupture. In the present study, the opposite approach was taken, by looking for the incidence of GCA and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) in patients with aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, or both (AA/D). The records of 315 consecutive patients admitted with the diagnosis of AA/D were reviewed. In addition, follow up information was obtained in 82 patients by examination in the outpatient clinic. After careful examination and assessment of clinical and laboratory data, it was found that none of the 82 patients who survived hospitalisation and were available for examination had GCA or PMR. Moreover, review of the retrospective data available from hospital records of the total consecutive 315 patients with AA/D failed to find any patient with a diagnosis of GCA/PMR. In conclusion, the present study did not find an increased prevalence of GCA/PMR among a cohort of Israeli patients with AA/D. Therefore, it is suggested that a thorough investigation aiming to diagnose GCA/PMR is not cost effective in most of the elderly patients presenting with AA/D.     

恶性肿瘤累及颈动脉的外科处理

为探讨头颈部恶性肿瘤侵犯颈动脉的外科治疗，对５例喉癌或下咽癌颈淋巴结转移累及一侧颈动脉病人，术前经ＣＴ或Ｂ超检查，３例经术前体外颈动脉压迫训练合格后手术切除受累段颈总动脉，２例系术中损伤颈总动脉后紧急切除受轻动脉。其中１例即刻行断端吻合，５例术中，术后均无明显脑缺血表现，３例术后随访２年以上健在，２例尚在随访中。     

颈动脉狭窄成形术中的支架和脑保护装置选择

颈动脉狭窄是缺血性脑卒中的主要发病原因之一，而颈动脉支架及其脑保护装置是经血管内治疗颈动脉狭窄的有益材料。通过了解和熟悉不同类型的支架和脑保护装置的特点、特性、应用方法和并发症预防．有助于提高颈动脉狭窄成形治疗的临床水平。     

Efficacy of targeted CT angiography in evaluation of intracranial internal carotid artery disease

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the efficacy of targeted computed tomographic (CT) angiography in the diagnosis of intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) disease and compared the results of routine and targeted CT angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four patients (24 male and 30 female patients aged 2 months to 87 years) were examined with CT angiography. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed in 42. CT angiograms were reconstructed with the maximum-intensity projection (MIP) algorithm. Targeted CT angiography was performed by individually reconstructing a single ICA territory. Each ICA was divided into four segments, and findings of routine MIP CT angiography, routine MIP plus targeted CT angiography, and DSA were reviewed independently by two neuroradiologists for vascular lesions involving each segment. Routine and targeted CT angiograms were also evaluated to determine how well both ICAs were visualized. RESULTS: Routine CT angiography was rated good or excellent for ICA visualization in 64% of cases, compared with 81% for targeted CT angiography (P = .0005). The overall agreement between routine CT angiography and DSA and between routine plus targeted CT angiography and DSA was 92% and 94%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the percentages of vascular lesions detected with routine CT angiography alone and with routine plus targeted CT angiography. Both methods tended to show false-positive findings of steno-occlusive disease, but targeted CT angiography showed details of aneurysms and stenotic lesions that were easily overlooked with routine CT angiography alone. CONCLUSION: Routine plus targeted CT angiography, while providing superior image quality, did not have much clinical effect; further assessment may be needed.     

新疆维吾尔族、汉族2型糖尿病住院患者颈动脉粥样硬化及危险因素的对比研究

目的比较维吾尔族和汉族2型糖尿病住院患者颈动脉粥样硬化的检出率及相关的危险因素。方法136例维吾尔族和158例汉族2型糖尿病住院患者进行颈动脉B超检查,记录临床资料,测量收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、计算体质指数(BMI),检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、脂蛋白a(LP(a))、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fg)。结果维吾尔族和汉族2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化检出率分别为38.2%,51.8%,维吾尔族患者高于汉族(P<0.05)。维吾尔族患者BMI、LDL-C和病程分别为(28.67±3.02)kg/m2(、3.29±0.53)mmol/L(、5.42±0.58)a,BMI、LDL-C高于汉族患者,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),而病程明显短于汉族患者(P<0.05)。结论维吾尔族2型糖尿病住院患者颈动脉粥样硬化的检出率显著高于汉族患者并有早发倾向,这可能与维吾尔族患者的BMI和LDL-C水平高于汉族患者有关。     

核因子-kB在高脂饮食兔颈总动脉球囊损伤后的动态变化及其与内膜增生的关系

目的观察高脂饮食兔颈总动脉球囊损伤后核因子kB（NF-kB）表达的变化及其与动脉内膜增生的关系。方法对高脂饮食兔颈总动脉球囊损伤后不同时间段的颈总动脉标本采用组织形态学方法检测内膜增生；采用原位杂交方法检测损伤血管NF-kB mRNA的表达。结果（1）球囊损伤后，内膜面积随时间逐步增生，中层各时段均未见明显变化，内膜／中层比率随时间逐步增长。对照侧内膜轻度增生但明显较损伤侧轻（P〈0．05）。（2）球囊损伤后6h即可见NF-kB表达，并于2周达高峰，4周仍有较强表达。NF-kB在损伤侧表达均强于对照侧（P〈0．05）。结论高脂饮食免颈总动脉球囊损伤后，NF-kB被激活，从而引起炎症反应，导致内膜增生可能是再狭窄发生的重要机制之一。     

超声检测颈动脉对冠心病的预诊断价值

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的关系。方法对91例冠心病的患者行冠状动脉造影和颈动脉超声检查。分为对照(CON)组、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组和不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组。结果SAP组和UAP组的IMT值、颈动脉硬化和斑块形成的阳性率均明显高于CON组(P<0.01);冠脉单支和多支病变组与CON组比较上述指标亦有明显增高(P<0.01);UAP组不稳定型斑块比例显著高于SAP组(P<0.01)。比较两者的检出率,颈动脉硬化具有较高的敏感度,特异性偏低;而粥样斑块形成则有较高的特异性,敏感度较低,阳性似然比、阴性似然比均高于颈动脉硬化。结论测定颈动脉壁厚度、粥样斑块及其性质,对冠心病的预测具有临床意义。     

Cognitive disorders in patients with occlusive disease of the carotid artery: a systematic review of the literature

We present a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence, nature, severity, course, and causes of cognitive deficits in patients with occlusive disease of the carotid artery prior to surgery (if surgery was under discussion). Searches were carried out on Medline and Psychlit from 1980 to 1999 using neurovascular and psychological index terms, and papers and books were checked for further references. Studies describing neuropsychological assessment of groups of patients with carotid obstruction were included. Eighteen studies were found. We extracted from the papers data on study design, demographic characteristics of patients, clinical diagnosis, carotid obstruction, cerebral imaging, time interval between ischemic episode and neuropsychological assessment, neuropsychological asessment procedures, integration and interpretation of test performances, and conclusions of authors. Fourteen studies concluded that there are cognitive deficits both in patients with symptomatic and in those with asymptomatic carotid obstruction; four studies denied cognitive impairment. There were no differences in patient characteristics, study design, or neuropsychological assessment procedures between the 14 studies that found deficits and the 4 that did not. There are indications for a mild, diffuse, detrimental effect of carotid occlusive disease on cognitive functioning. However, methodological problems prevent a definitive conclusion. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to ascertain the neurovascular risk factors for and the natural course of cognitive impairment in patients with carotid occlusive disease. Received: 12 July 1999/Received in revised form: 10 November 1999/Accepted: 26 January 2000     

COX基因多态性与缺血性卒中的相关性研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨环氧合酶(COX)代谢通路基因多态性及其与缺血性卒中发病率的关系。方法 将2013年2月~2015年11月在德阳市人民医院和温州医科大学第三附属医院神经内科住院经头颅CT和MRI检查确诊的299例急性缺血性卒中患者,根据彩超结果分为颈动脉易损斑块组（VP）94例、稳定斑块组（SP）74例和无斑块组（NP）131例;同时再分为颈动脉内膜增厚组（IT）108例和非内膜增厚组（NT）191例。使用聚合酶链反应和质谱分析测定基因多态性,包括前列腺素合酶1(PTGS1 rs1236913)、前列腺素H合酶2(PTGS2 rs689466)、血栓素A2合酶(TBXAS1 rs2267679、rs41708、rs194149)、前列腺素E合酶(PTGES2 rs6478818)、环前列腺素合成酶(PTGIS rs5602、rs5629)。结果 在易损斑块组和无斑块组之间TBXAS1 rs194149 GG基因型(P=00281),PTGIS rs5602 CT基因型(P=00319)存在显著差异。内膜增厚组和非内膜增厚组之间PTGS2 rs689466 GG基因型(P=00216)显示显著差异。多元回归分析显示,PTGIS的AA基因型(P=00308,OR:0275,95%CI:0079～0955)和PTGS2的AG+ GG基因型(P=00065,OR:2162,95%CI:1232～3795)是内膜增厚的破坏性因素。结论 COX的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与脑梗死的发病率存在相关性,PTGIS和PTGS2基因多态性与内膜增厚脑卒中患者相关。     

急性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化斑块稳定性的影响因素

【摘要】 目的 分析急性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化斑块情况,并探讨影响其斑块稳定性的相关危险因素。方法 选取2012年5月~2017年5月我院收治的128例急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,采用回顾性分析法分析所有患者的临床资料,根据资料可知所有患者均行颈动脉彩超及相关临床指标的检测以及一般临床资料的记录,分析检查和检测结果记录所有患者颈动脉硬化斑块形成以及其稳定情况和相关临床指标水平,并比较颈动脉硬化斑块不同稳定状况急性脑梗死患者上述资料的差异性,研究其与斑块稳定的相关性。结果 经颈动脉彩超检查结果可知,128例急性脑梗死患者均形成颈动脉硬化斑块,其中斑块稳定70例（5469%）,斑块不稳定58例（4531%）。两组患者在TC、TG、FPG和UA水平的比较上均无差异（P＞005）,但斑块不稳定的急性脑梗死患者Hcy、CyC、CRP、FIB、LDL以及IL 6和ICAM １水平均显著高于斑块稳定的急性脑梗死患者（P＜005）。非条件单因素Lgistic回归模型分析显示,急性脑梗死颈动脉硬化斑块不稳定患者中Hcy、CyC、CRP、FIB、LDL以及IL 6和ICAM １水平升高比例均显著高于斑块稳定患者（P＜005）。经非条件多因素Logistic回归模型分析得Hcy、CyC、CRP以及FIB水平升高均为导致急性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化斑块不稳定的独立危险因素（P＜005）。结论 绝大部分急性脑梗死患者均存在颈动脉硬化斑块,且这些患者中有将近一半其斑块处于不稳定状态,而患者机体Hcy、CyC、CRP以及FIB表达水平过高均为导致急性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化斑块不稳定的独立危险因素。