短期低碳水化合物饮食对不同性别肥胖患者人体成分的影响

目的探讨短期低碳水化合物饮食对男女肥胖患者人体成分的影响。方法选择76例(26例男性、50例女性)单纯性肥胖患者,在专业营养(医)师的指导下采取短期低碳水化合物饮食干预1个月,比较干预前后不同性别的单纯性肥胖患者体重、体脂肪、内脏脂肪、去脂体重、基础代谢等人体成分的变化,以此来研究短期低碳水化合物饮食对不同性别肥胖患者的适用性。结果 (1)干预后无论男女,BW、BMI、BFM、PBF、VFA、WHR、AC等肥胖相关指标均显著下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)干预后女性去脂体重以及骨骼肌重量、身体细胞量、蛋白质重量、无机盐、身体水分含量等瘦体重组成成分下降,基础代谢下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);男性相关指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论短期低碳水化合物饮食减重法能够有效降低肥胖患者的体脂肪及体重,无论男女,但是该方法会降低女性患者的瘦体重(骨骼肌重量、身体细胞量、蛋白质重量、无机盐、身体水分含量等),需要增加抗阻力运动提高瘦体重。     

The Mediating Effect of Body Dissatisfaction in Association between Obesity and Dietary Behavior Changes for Weight Loss in Chinese Children

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the mediating effect of body dissatisfaction in correlation between obesity and dietary behavior changes for weight loss(DBCWL).Methods A total of 680 primary and middle school students were included in this study. Their body height, weight, and waistline were effectively measured, and they were also evaluated to assess their body dissatisfaction, perception of dietary behaviors, and DBCWL. The correlation among these factors was analyzed using mediating effect models.Results The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was significantly higher in males than in females(P 0.05). Overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, and body dissatisfaction significantly increased the risk for DBCWL(OR = 2.57, 2.77, and 1.95, respectively). Overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity significantly increased the risk for body dissatisfaction(OR = 6.00 and 4.70,respectively). Significant mediating effects of body dissatisfaction were observed in correlation between overweight/obesity and DBCWL and between abdominal obesity and DBCWL(OR = 2.20 and 1.92,respectively; P 0.05), and the proportions of mediating effects among the total effects were 48.89% and 46.60%, respectively.Conclusion Body dissatisfaction might play an important mediating effect in association between DBCWL and obesity, which indicates that guiding children to correctly recognize their body might be more conducive than promoting obese children toward weight loss through dietary behavior changes.     

不同性别不同年龄成年人体成分测量指标的检测分析

目的探讨安徽省不同性别、不同年龄成年人体成分检测指标的差异,为安徽省成年人的健康指导及慢性疾病预防提供数据参考。方法选取2018年1～12月在安徽医科大学第一附属医院体检的4 944位体检者,按性别不同分为男性组2 556人和女性组2 388人;再对不同性别组按不同年龄(y)分为5组[18≤y <30岁组; 30≤y <40岁组; 40≤y <50岁组; 50≤y <60岁组;y≥60岁组(在男性中为60≤y≤83岁组,在女性中为60≤y≤81岁组)];比较男性组和女性组体成分测量指标(体质指数、体脂肪含量、体脂百分比、腰臀比、内脏脂肪面积、去脂体质量、骨骼肌肉量、骨矿物质含量、蛋白质含量及浮肿指数)差异,同时分析不同性别人群上述各项体成分测量指标在不同年龄层的变化。结果①女性组体脂肪含量、体脂百分比及浮肿指数均高于男性组,其余各项指标男性组均高于女性组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05);②男性体质指数、体脂肪含量和腰臀比在30≤y <60岁各年龄组均高于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积和浮肿指数在y≥30岁各年龄组均高于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);去脂体质量、骨骼肌肉量、骨矿物质含量及蛋白质含量在y≥50岁各年龄组均低于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。女性体质指数、腰臀比及内脏脂肪面积在y≥30岁各年龄组均高于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);体脂肪含量、体脂百分比及浮肿指数在y≥40岁各年龄组均高于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);去脂体质量、骨骼肌肉量、骨矿物质含量及蛋白质含量在y≥60岁组均低于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。结论安徽省成年人体成分存在性别差异,女性体脂肪含量高于男性,男性内脏脂肪面积及骨骼肌肉量高于女性;成年人体成分在不同年龄间亦存在差异,脂肪组织含量及浮肿指数在高年龄段增加,而其他非脂肪组织含量在高年龄段减低。     

居家老年患者留置导尿护理管理方案探索

目的构建居家老年患者留置导尿护理管理方案,探索其应用效果。方法将泌尿外科120例长期留置导尿老年患者随机分为观察组和对照组各60例,对照组进行常规导管护理,观察组在常规护理基础上构建并实施留置导尿护理管理方案。1年后评估比较两组尿路感染发生率及不良事件发生率。结果观察组1年后尿路感染发生率及不良事件发生率显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论居家老年患者留置导尿护理管理方案的构建及应用能有效降低患者尿路感染及不良事件的发生,提高患者生活质量。     

Association of Body Composition and Physical Activity with Proximal Femur Geometry in Middle-Aged and Elderly Afro-Caribbean Men:

Osteoporotic fractures are less prevalent in African Americans than in caucasians, possibly because of differences in bone structural strength. Bone structural adaptation can be attributed to changes in load, crudely measured as lean and fat mass throughout life. The purpose of this analysis was to describe the associations of leg lean mass, total body fat mass, and hours walked per week with femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and bone geometry in a cross-sectional sample of 1,748 men of African descent between the ages of 40 and 79 years. BMD, section modulus (Z), cross-sectional area (CSA), and subperiosteal width were measured from dual energy X-ray absortiometry (DXA) scans using the hip structural analysis (HSA) program. Multiple linear regression models explained 35% to 48% of the variance in bending (Z) and axial (CSA) strength at the femoral neck and shaft. Independent of all covariates including total body fat mass, one standard deviation increase in leg lean mass was significantly associated with a 5% to 8% higher Z, CSA, and BMD (P < 0.010) at the neck and shaft. The number of hours walked per week was not a strong or consistent independent predictor of bone geometry or BMD. We have shown that weight is the strongest independent predictor of femur BMD and geometric strength although the effect appears to be mediated by lean mass since leg lean mass fraction and total body fat mass fraction had significant and opposing effects at the narrow neck and shaft in this group of middle aged and elderly men.     

Reference charts for the relationships between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-assessed bone mineral content and lean mass in 3,063 healthy men and premenopausal and postmenopausal women

Correlations between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-assessed bone mineral content and lean mass (BMC-LM curves), and between BMC/LM ratio and age ([BMC/LM]–age curves), were analyzed in the whole body (WB), the upper limbs (ULs) and the lower limbs (LLs) of 3,063 healthy Hispanic adults. Groups of 472 men aged 25–87years, 1,035 premenopausal (pre-MP) women aged 27–54 years, and 1,556 post-menopausal (post-MP) women aged 48–93 years were studied with a GE-Lunar DPX-Plus device. BMC-LM curves confirmed previous observations that BMC and LM masses always correlate linearly, with similar slopes within each region, but differing in intercepts according to gender and hormonal status. Multiple regression tests showed little or no independent interaction of body weight or height with those relationships. [BMC/LM]–age curves were flat in men but showed the positive influence of estrogens throughout the age range in women. Z-scored graphs of all the corresponding relationships were compiled, showing the confidence intervals for means ±1, ±2, and ±3 SDs of the data (±1, ±2, ±3 z-scores) along BMC-LM and [BMC/LM]–age curves. These charts are proposed as references for assessing how well bone mass (as assessed by BMC) and muscle mass (assumed proportional to LM) follow the natural anthropometric/biomechanical proportionality in Hispanic men and women within the age range studied, employing similar devices. Charts for LLs, showing the lowest variance amongst the studied correlations and approaching the origin as an exclusive feature, could provide the most accurate reference curves. Differences between data from ULs and LLs may provide information about any eventual interaction of body-weight bearing with the general results. The proposed analysis may provide useful information for approaching a differential diagnosis between disuse-related and other types of osteopenias employing only DXA.     

50岁以下男性年龄及体质量指数对血清前列腺特异抗原的影响

目的 分析<50岁男性血清PSA水平的影响因素. 方法 2006年9月至2008年11月健康检查<50岁男性6808例.分别测量身高、体质量,并计算体质量指数(BMI),检测血清PSA水平.将人群按年龄分为10岁～、20岁～、30岁～和40～49岁4组,按WHO亚太地区BMI水平分级标准分为消瘦(BMI<18.5 kg/m~2)、正常(BMI 18.5～22.9 kg/m~2)、超重(BMI 23.0～24.9kg/m~2)、肥胖(BMI 25.0～29.9 kg/m~2)、极度肥胖(BMI≥30.0 kg/m~2)5组.方差分析比较各年龄组和各BMI组人群PSA水平差异.并进行Spearman相关性分析. 结果 6808例平均年龄(39.2±7.0)岁,平均BMI指数(25.6±4.7)kg/m~2,平均PSA(0.89±0.56)ng/ml.单因素方差分析表明:10岁～年龄组PSA水平与其他3个年龄组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其他3个年龄组问差异无统计学意义.各年龄组按照BMl分组比较,除10岁～组外,其余3组中随BMI增加,PSA水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).相关性分析结果 显示年龄与PSA呈显著正相关(P<0.0001),BMI与PSA呈显著负相关(P<0.0001). 结论 男性青春期PSA变化明显,20～50岁间PSA增长缓慢,PSA水平与BMI呈负相关关系,在青年人群中评价PSA结果 应考虑上述影响因素.     

Facile semi-automated forensic body fluid identification by multiplex solution hybridization of NanoString® barcode probes to specific mRNA targets

A DNA profile from the perpetrator does not reveal, per se, the circumstances by which it was transferred. Body fluid identification by mRNA profiling may allow extraction of contextual ‘activity level’ information from forensic samples. Here we describe the development of a prototype multiplex digital gene expression (DGE) method for forensic body fluid/tissue identification based upon solution hybridization of color-coded NanoString^® probes to 23 mRNA targets. The method identifies peripheral blood, semen, saliva, vaginal secretions, menstrual blood and skin. We showed that a simple 5 min room temperature cellular lysis protocol gave equivalent results to standard RNA isolation from the same source material, greatly enhancing the ease-of-use of this method in forensic sample processing.We first describe a model for gene expression in a sample from a single body fluid and then extend that model to mixtures of body fluids. We then describe calculation of maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of body fluid quantities in a sample, and we describe the use of likelihood ratios to test for the presence of each body fluid in a sample. Known single source samples of blood, semen, vaginal secretions, menstrual blood and skin all demonstrated the expected tissue-specific gene expression for at least two of the chosen biomarkers. Saliva samples were more problematic, with their previously identified characteristic genes exhibiting poor specificity. Nonetheless the most specific saliva biomarker, HTN3, was expressed at a higher level in saliva than in any of the other tissues.Crucially, our algorithm produced zero false positives across this study's 89 unique samples. As a preliminary indication of the ability of the method to discern admixtures of body fluids, five mixtures were prepared. The identities of the component fluids were evident from the gene expression profiles of four of the five mixtures. Further optimization of the biomarker ‘CodeSet’ will be required before it can be used in casework, particularly with respect to increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of the saliva biomarkers. With suitable modifications, this simplified protocol with minimal hands on requirement should facilitate routine use of mRNA profiling in casework laboratories.     

Molecular approaches for forensic cell type identification: On mRNA,miRNA, DNA methylation and microbial markers

Human biological traces have the potential to present strong evidence for placing a suspect at a crime scene. In cases, the activity that led to deposition of an individual's cellular material is increasingly disputed, for which the identification of cell types could be crucial. This review aims to give an overview of the possibilities of the employment of mRNA, miRNA, DNA methylation and microbial markers for tissue identification in a forensic context. The biological background that renders these markers tissue-specificity is considered, as this can affect data interpretation. Furthermore, the forensic relevance of inferring certain cell types is discussed, as are the various methodologies that can be applied. Forensic stains can carry minute amounts of cell material that may be degraded or polluted and most likely cell material of multiple sources will be present. The interpretational challenges that are imposed by this compromised state will be discussed as well.