Agitated depression: a valid depression subtype?

PURPOSE: The diagnostic validity of agitated depression (AD, a major depressive episode (MDE) with psychomotor agitation) is unclear. It is not classified in DSM-IV and ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorder (ICD-10). Some data support its subtyping. This study aims to test the subtyping of AD. METHODS: Consecutive 245 bipolar-II (BP-II) and 189 major depressive disorder (MDD) non-tertiary-care MDE outpatients were interviewed (off psychoactive drugs) with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders--Clinician Version (SCID-CV), Hypomania Interview Guide (HIGH-C), and Family History Screen. Intra-MDE hypomanic symptoms were systematically assessed. AD was defined as an MDE with psychomotor agitation. Mixed AD was defined as an MDE with four or more hypomanic symptoms (including agitation). FINDINGS: AD was present in 34.7% of patients. AD was mixed in 70.1% of AD patients. AD, vs. non-AD, had significantly (at alpha = 0.05) lower age at onset, more BP-II, females, atypical depressions, bipolar-I (BP-I) and BP-II family history, and was more mixed; racing/crowded thoughts, irritability, more talkativeness, and risky behaviour were significantly more common. Mixed AD, vs. non-AD, had significantly (at alpha = 0.01) lower age at onset, more intra-MDE hypomanic symptoms, BP-II, females, atypical depressions, BP-II family history, and specific hypomanic symptoms (distractibility, racing thoughts, irritable mood, more talkativeness, risky activities). Mixed AD, vs. non-mixed AD, had significantly more intra-MDE hypomanic symptoms (by definition), more recurrences, and more specific hypomanic symptoms (by definition). Non-mixed AD, vs. non-AD, had significantly more intra-MDE hypomanic symptoms and more talkativeness. CONCLUSIONS: AD was common in non-tertiary-care depression outpatients, supporting its diagnostic utility. AD and many bipolar diagnostic validators were associated, supporting its link with the bipolar spectrum. Mixed AD, but not non-mixed AD, had differences vs. non-AD similar to those of AD, suggesting that psychomotor agitation by itself may not be enough to identify AD as a subtype. Findings seem to support the subtyping of mixed AD. This subtyping may have important treatment impact, as antidepressants alone might increase agitation.     

双相障碍Ⅱ型患者前额叶白质、豆状核磁共振波谱分析

目的 探讨双相障碍Ⅱ型患者前额叶白质、豆状核的氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)特征. 方法 以自2012年9月至2013年4月在中山大学附属第三医院住院的双相障碍Ⅱ型患者30例为患者组,同期20例健康志愿者为对照组,采用多体素磁共振波谱技术检测2组研究对象前额叶白质、豆状核的代谢物质含量,包括N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱化合物(Cho)、肌酸(Cr)、肌醇(mI),并计算NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr、mI/Cr、NAA/Cho、NAA/(Cho+Cr)的比值. 结果 患者组右侧前额叶白质NAA、Cho、mI绝对含量及NAA/Cr比值和对照组相比明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);左侧前额叶白质NAA绝对含量及NAA/Cr、NAA/Cho、NAA/(Cho+Cr)比值与对照组相比明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);右侧豆状核NAA、Cho绝对含量和对照组相比明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 双相障碍Ⅱ型患者存在双侧前额叶白质纤维受损和神经胶质细胞功能异常,以及右侧豆状核神经元缺失或功能异常.     

情感气质对双相障碍服药依从性影响的调查

目的：探究情感气质对双相障碍患者服药依从性的影响。方法纳入53例双相障碍患者,用气质自评量表评估气质类型。采用用药态度量表（Drug Attitude Inventry －10,DAI －10）和视觉模拟评分问卷（Visual Analogue Scale ,VAS）评估患者服药的依从性。结果 VAS 评分结果治疗依从性评分为（8．2±2．6）分,时间依从性为（7．4±3．5）分,剂量依从性为（8．5±7．2）分。 DAI －10评分为（2．2±4．5）分,VAS 评分与易激惹气质评分呈负相关,与教育程度呈负相关;DAI －10评分与男性、抑郁气质分数和旺盛气质评分呈正相关。结论伴有易激惹气质的双相障碍患者服药依从性较差,伴有抑郁气质或旺盛气质、教育水平高的患者服药依从性较好。     

Preclinical models: status of basic research in depression.

Approximately one half-century ago several classes of medications, discovered by serendipity, were introduced for the treatment of depression and bipolar disorder. These highly effective medications revolutionized our approach to mood disorders and helped launch the modern era of psychiatry. Yet our progress since those serendipitous discoveries has been disappointing. We still do not understand with certainty how those medications produce their desired clinical effects. We have not introduced newer medications with fundamentally different mechanisms of action than the older agents. We have not identified the genetic and neurobiological mechanisms underlying depression and mania, nor do we understand the mechanisms by which nongenetic factors influence these disorders. We have only a rudimentary understanding of the circuits in the brain responsible for the normal regulation of mood and affect, and of those circuits that function abnormally in mood disorders. In approaching these gaps in our knowledge, this workgroup highlighted four major areas for future investment. These include developing better animal models of mood disorders; identifying genetic determinants of normal and abnormal mood in humans and animals; discovering novel targets and biomarkers of mood disorders and treatments; and increasing the recruitment of investigators from diverse backgrounds to mood disorders research.     

经尿道等离子双极分离电切术治疗前列腺增生症

目的：探讨经尿道等离子体双极分离电切术的安全性与有效性。方法：用经尿道等离子体双极分离电切行前列腺103例,术后随访1～20个月。结果：PK～TUDRP手术时间30～205min,平均80．30min。无输血,电切综合征。切除腺体23-205g,平均67．20g。最大尿流量（Qmax）,国际前列腺症状评分（iPSS）,生活质量评分（QOL）项指标明显改善。有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：用等离子双极分离电切治疗良性前列腺增生症安全有效。     

经尿道等离子双极电切术治疗前列腺增生症

目的:探讨经尿道等离子体双极电切的安全性与有效性。方法:用经尿道等离子体双极电切行前列腺切除70例,术后随访1~20个月。结果:PK-TURP手术时间30~185min,平均81.30min。无输血,无电切综合征。切除腺体23~205g,平均57.90g。最大尿流量(Qmax),国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS),生活质量评分(QOL)3项指标均明显改善,有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:用等离子双极电切行PK-TURP安全有效。     

计算机认知矫正治疗对康复期双相情感障碍患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨计算机认知矫正治疗(CCRT)对康复期双相情感障碍患者认知功能的影响.方法 选取2018年1月至2019年12月我院收治的100例康复期双相情感障碍患者,根据治疗方法 不同分为对照组(48例,常规药物治疗)和观察组(52例,CCRT+常规药物治疗).比较两组患者治疗前及治疗2个月后的认知功能.结果 治疗2个月...     

喹硫平联合氯硝西泮治疗老年躁狂症的临床研究及对血清NE、5-HT、DA水平的影响

目的 探讨喹硫平联合氯硝西泮治疗老年躁狂症的临床疗效及其对血清去甲肾上腺素(NE)、五羟色胺(5-HT)、多巴胺(DA)水平的影响.方法 选取2018年1月-2019年4月石家庄市第八医院老年躁狂症患者117例作为研究对象,根据治疗方案不同将患者分为对照1组、对照2组、观察组,每组各39例.对照1组口服富马酸喹硫平片,...     

Involvement of AMPA receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the mouse tail suspension test and forced swim test

In addition to its clinical antimanic effects, lithium also has efficacy in the treatment of depression. However, the mechanism by which lithium exerts its antidepressant effects is unclear. Our objective was to further characterize the effects of peripheral and central administration of lithium in mouse models of antidepressant efficacy as well as to investigate the role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in these behaviors. We utilized the mouse forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), intracerebroventricular (ICV) lithium administration, AMPA receptor inhibitors, and BS3 crosslinking followed by Western blot. Both short- and long-term administration of lithium resulted in robust antidepressant-like effects in the mouse FST and TST. Using ICV administration of lithium, we show that these effects are due to actions of lithium on the brain, rather than to peripheral effects of the drug. Both ICV and rodent chow (0.4% LiCl) administration paradigms resulted in brain lithium concentrations within the human therapeutic range. The antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the FST and TST were blocked by administration of AMPA receptor inhibitors. Additionally, administration of lithium increased the cell surface expression of GluR1 and GluR2 in the mouse hippocampus. Collectively, these data show that lithium exerts centrally mediated antidepressant-like effects in the mouse FST and TST that require AMPA receptor activation. Lithium may exert its antidepressant effects in humans through AMPA receptors, thus further supporting a role of targeting AMPA receptors as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of depression.     

Event related oscillations in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder involves dysfunction in gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)/glutamatergic systems and neural circuits that regulate cognitive processing. Valproate, a mood stabilizing anticonvulsant, modulates GABA/glutamate and shows neuroprotective effect. Electroencephalographic oscillatory activity assessment is an alternative brain imaging technique with high time resolution. It presents integrative brain functioning. We aimed to assess the oscillatory responses of patients with bipolar disorder in euthymic state of bipolar disorder and the changes after treatment with valproate. Event related potentials to visual odd-ball paradigm in 10 euthymic medication free, bipolar patients were measured before and after 6 weeks of valproate monotherapy and compared with sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Delta frequency bands, as representative of signal detection and decision-making, were obtained by digital filtering. At baseline, patients showed higher delta responses to target stimuli in all but significantly left frontal channels in comparison to controls. After 6 weeks of treatment, delta responses decreased significantly in central frontal (Fz) (p: 0.028), left frontal (F3) (p: 0.028), left (T3) (p: 0.015), right anterior (T4) (p: 0.011), and left posterior temporal (T5) (p: 0.011) channels compared to baseline and became no different to the controls, which did not differ between two assessments. The findings point to a diffuse increase in low frequency electrical activity which was prominent in the left frontal location in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Reduction of the electrical activity of the left frontal and bilateral anterior temporal areas with treatment may be through modulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms and indicative of valproate's neuroprotective effect.