Alternative graphical representations of genotypes in a pedigree

Three representations of the conditional independences due toMendelian segregation of genes in a pedigree are proposed. Thecomputational costs of performing calculations using the techniqueof peeling with each of these representations is compared byconsidering the weights of triangulations of the graph producedby each representation.     

格拉斯哥评分的纯数学意义及临床评估价值

总结１０２２例颅脑外伤进行格拉斯哥评分的实践实验，从纯数学意义上评价了评分在临床上的应用价值。指出格拉斯哥评分各参数之间只有１５种组合最常见且有临床价值。数学分析表明运动反应最有决定性意义；同时指出格拉斯可评分对患者预后判断有重要评估价值。评分的不足之处在于不能反映瞳孔改变和脑干症状。     

The last 10 years in a burn centre in Ankara, Turkey: an analysis of 5264 cases

This is a retrospective study analysing 5264 patients treated in the burn centre at Gülhane Military Medical Academy from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 1995. Our burn centre is not only the firs, but one of the best established and supported in Turkey. Our present study has the largest patient group of other previously published studies from Turkey. Of the total patients studied, 4464 patients had minor burns and were treated on an outpatient basis and 800 patients had moderate to major burns. Although our centre is in a military area in Ankara, only 1047 (20 per cent) patients were military personnel and the military-related burn causes comprised only 6 per cent of the total. The remaining 4217 (80 per cent of the total patients) were civilians. Flame injuries were also more frequent in military patients than civilians. Minor burns were most common in the age group 0–10 years old (40 per cent) and moderate to major burns in the age group 21–30 years (54 per cent). Scalds were the main cause of paediatric burns. Male patients were dominant. The overall mortality among inpatients was 18.2 per cent and mean total body surface area (TBSA) was 57.6 per cent in patients who died. 134 patients demonstrated inhalation injury and 82 per cent of these patients died. The epidemiological pattern of our patients is similar to that in other studies from developed countries, although some ethnic causative factors could be found. Our study indicates that emergency measures should be taken to prevent flame injuries at military barracks and industrial workplaces and scalding accidents to children at home and throughout the country.     

Health status measurement in Parkinson's disease: validity of the PDQ-39 and Nottingham Health Profile.

We assessed the feasibility and psychometric properties of two commonly used health status questionnaires in Parkinson's disease (PD): the generic Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and the disease-specific 39-item Parkinson's disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), from a cross-sectional postal survey of PD patients (N = 81), using traditional and Rasch measurement methodologies. Overall response rate was 88%. Both questionnaires were found feasible, although the NHP performed less well. The PDQ-39 had fewer floor effects and was better able to separate respondents into distinct groups than the NHP, whereas the latter exhibited less ambiguous dimensionality and better targeting of respondents with non-extreme scores. Reliability and validity indices were similar, and potential differential item functioning by age and gender groups was found for both questionnaires. PDQ-39 response alternatives indicated ambiguity. With few exceptions, questionnaire scales were unable to meet recommended standards fully. While preliminary, this study illustrates the need for thorough evaluation of outcome measures and has implications beyond the questionnaires used here. Although promising, both questionnaires warrant further developmental work and stronger support of measurement validity before they could be considered fully suitable for valid use in PD, in particular in earlier stages of the disease.     

SEN病毒D亚型ORF1-C端基因的克隆、表达和鉴定

目的:获得SENV-D亚型ORF1-C端蛋白基因序列,并进行表达,为进一步研究及诊断、治疗应用奠定基础.方法:用PCR法从SENV阳性血清中获得SENV-DORF1C端基因,测序验证后,构建了pQE30-SENV-D重组表达质粒,并经过转化E.coli M15,IPTG诱导表达,Western blot分析表达结果.结果:获得了正确序列的SENV-D亚型ORF1-C端蛋白基因序列,表达出Mr约为38×103的蛋白.表达蛋白能与患者血清中相应的抗体结合,发生抗原抗体反应.结论:成功获得并表达了SENV-D-ORF1-C端蛋白,并经Western blot印迹法证实能与阳性血清中的抗体发生抗原抗体反应,有可能用于检测SENV-D抗体.为今后进一步研究有助于疫情监测及早期发现感染者的抗体奠定了坚实的基础.     

车载苯胺泄漏事故造成水井污染的监测分析

2003年12月30日一辆装载7.28t苯胺的槽车从宁波开往温州的路上在甬台温高速公路温岭市境内翻车,造成5.3t左右的苯胺泄漏在高速公路旁的环境中,除少量的液体被清除外,绝大部分渗入地下,造成了水井污染.从12月31日开始我们对周围的水井开展了监测,现将监测结果分析如下:     

The metamorphosis of health planning in the Netherlands and the USA

The United States and the Netherlands are the focus for this comparative analysis of the evolutionary interaction between health planning and the political system, seen in the context of change in social and economic ideologies. While health planning in the USA started in 1946, it was the comprehensive health planning program in 1966 that created the form to be followed by Health Systems Agency effort in 1974: local, voluntary planning, coordinated by state agencies, supported by federal funding. Health planning in the Netherlands has moved through four distinct periods: a hospital construction period, starting during the post-war recovery; a hospital regionalization period, from 1971 through the late 1970s; a transition period from the late 1970s to 1982, during which several planning approaches were considered; and, the current comprehensive health and social services planning period. Today, federal support for health planning in the US has been eliminated as part of the current de-regulatory, competitive health care strategy. Health planning in the US is now an institutional activity, with less focus on community needs. Advocated changes in the Dutch planning approach incorporate ideas similar to past approaches in the US; but, a failed approach in one nation may work in another, if the underlying cultural and organizational characteristics are sufficiently different.     

以乙二胺为核心的聚酰胺-胺树形高分子的合成及毛细管电泳分离研究

在-30℃下合成了1．0G～6.0G聚酰胺．胺(PAMAM)树形高分子，并采用核磁共振、元素分析对其进行了表征；采用毛细管电泳对1．0GPAMAM进行了分离。结果表明：在该温度下合成的PAMAM具有较好的结构完整性，而毛细管电泳是一种有效的分离提纯PAMAM树形高分子的方法。     

Extended HLA profile of an inbred isolate: The Schmiedeleut Hutterites of South Dakota

HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ typings of the Schmiedeleut Hutterites of South Dakota were collected as part of an ongoing genetic-epidemiologic study of HLA and fertility. A total of 1,082 individuals, including 852 married adults representative of the reproductive population of this isolate, were characterized for five-locus HLA haplotypes. HLA-A1, A2, A3, and A24 accounted for 75% of observed HLA-A alleles and HLA-B27, B35, B51, and B62 accounted for 55% of observed HLA-B alleles. S-leut Hutterites are derived from 68 or fewer ancestors. However, only 48 ancestral HLA haplotypes were observed and nine of these accounted for over 52% of the observed haplotypes. Measures of two-locus linkage disequilibrium derived from these haplotypes indicated that one-third to half of the observed HLA-A/B, B/DR, and A/DR allele combinations exhibited highly statistically significant linkage disequilibrium. Allele and haplotype frequencies did not differ between males and females. Recombination rates of 0.004% and 0.005% between HLA-A and -C and between HLA-B and -DR, respectively, were observed. This HLA profile points out a paucity of HLA alleles and haplotypes in this population and marked linkage disequilibrium among the HLA alleles that are present. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A biometrical genetic approach to chromosome analysis inDrosophila: Detection of epistatic interactions in geotaxis

Chromosome analysis has been widely used as a first step in eclucidating the genetic architecture of several behaviors ofDrosophila melanogaster. These chromosome studies have generally used incomplete designs or fairly simple statistical analyses. Here I reanalyze two data sets on geotaxis from Pyle (1978) and Ksander (1966) using a biometrical genetic design. Results from the biometrical genetic reanalysis suggest that individual differences in geotaxis might be due to genes on all three major chromosomes which show extensive epistatic interactions.