2010—2021年国内外老年多重慢病研究热点分析

背景 随着人口老龄化进程的加快,同时患有多种慢病已成为老年人的常态,老年多重慢病相关研究也不断丰富,但鲜有对其研究进展及热点进行分析。目的 分析国内外老年多重慢病的研究热点,揭示近十年来（2010—2021年）老年多重慢病领域研究前沿的热点主题,为相关研究者追踪前沿信息提供参考。方法 基于文本挖掘技术和文献计量学等方法,检索Web of Science核心合集、Scopus、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网、PubMed、中华医学会期刊全文数据库、APA-PsycINFO美国心理学会数据库中老年多重慢病领域的相关文献,检索时间为2010—2021年。使用CiteSpace 6.1.3、PASW 18、BICOMB 2.04等软件对文献的发文量趋势、来源、作者、机构、关键词等方面进行分析及可视化,并绘制战略坐标图对领域研究热点进行分析。结果 最终纳入老年多重慢病相关文献9 392篇,其中外文文献5 776篇,中文文献3 616篇。2010—2021年老年多重慢病领域中外文献发文量均呈指数型增长,中文文献年增长率为13.27%,外文文献年增长率为15.84%,该领域正处于发展阶段。中...     

Memory Deficits in Aged Cebus Monkeys and Facilitation With Central Cholinomimetics

Cebus monkeys of 3 different age groups were trained to perform an automated behavioral task (delayed response), intended to measure recent memory ability. In in initial study, the aged monkeys (18 years and older) exhibit prprogressively greater performance impairments (relative to young monkeys) as they were required to remember the location of a visual stimulus for increasingly longer durations (0 to 20 sec). This deficits replicated previously published results from aged Rhesus monkeys and appeared similar to the primary memory deficits reported in elderly humans and demented patients. In subsequent studies, the effects of three different cholinomimetics were evaluated for their ability to improve the aged monkey's performance on this task. Each monkey was tested under several acute doses of the cholinergic precursor, choline, the anticholinesterase, physostigmine, and the cholinergic muscarinic receptor agonist, arecoline. The results revealed clear differences in the ability of these drugs to improve performance on this task. Choline exerted no apparent effects in the aged monkeys at any dose tested. Physostigmine clearly enhanced performance in certain aged monkeys, but the optimal dose varied dramatically between subjects, replicating previously published results with aged Rhesus monkeys and humans. Arecoline produced clear improvement within a restricted dose range, with little variation in optimal dose between subjects. In addition to demonstrating differences in the effects of different cholinomimetics on memory performance in aged primates, these data also suggest a possible rationale for future investigations. Assuming that each of these drugs primarily affected cholinergic function in the manner conventionally attributed, these data suggest that, within the cholinergic system, the more directly one stimulates the receptor, the more one might expect robust and consistent effects on memory performance in aged subjects.     

长寿老人主观幸福感及其相关因素研究

目的:了解长寿老人主观幸福感及其影响因素。方法:采用横断面整群抽样调查方法,对732例都江堰市90岁以上老人进行费城老年中心信心量表(PGCMS)、家庭关怀度指数(APGAR)、中文版简易智能状态检查(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)及社会支持量表(SSRS)调查。结果:PGCMS在90-108岁老人中呈负偏态分布,PGCMS总分为1-23分,M(QL-QU)为17(13-19)。各年龄组间PGCMS的差异无统计学意义,PGCMS与SSRS中的主观社会支持、客观社会支持及APGAR、MMSE、ADL中的躯体生活自理分量表的相关有统计学意义。结论:PGCMS在90-108岁老人中呈负偏态分布,分值不随年龄的增加而变化。对90—108岁长寿老人主观幸福感有影响的因子及强度依次为主观社会支持、客观社会支持、认知功能状况、家庭关怀情况及日常生活中躯体生活自理能力。     

Age-related changes in brain proDynorphin gene expression in the rat

Dynorphin has a well-established role in feeding and gustation. Alterations in taste perception and feeding behavior are common with age. We hypothesized that proDynorphin gene expression in brain areas involved in taste and feeding declines with age. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed individually with ad libitum access to food and water. Brain punches of the selected regions were dissected out in groups of rats aged 4–6, 12–14 and 18–21 months. ProDynorphin mRNA (measured using a cDNA probe) decreased significantly with age in arcuate nucleus and amygdala; increased significantly with age in hippocampus; and was not significantly affected in nucleus of the solitary tract, cortex, caudate putamen or hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. These data suggest an age-related decrease in the synthesis of dynorphin in two brain regions strongly associated with feeding behavior, and an increase in dynorphin synthesis in a brain region associated with learning and memory.     

Splanchnic blood flow during halothane-relaxant anaesthesia in elderly patients

We have previously found that halothane-relaxant anaesthesia in elderly patients causes a change towards a hyperkinetic circulation, with a decrease in the arterial-mixed venous oxygen content difference. This could be attributed to vasodilation. In the present study the splanchnic contribution to these changes was investigated. Nine patients were studied during halothane-relaxant anaesthesia prior to surgery. During anaesthesia splanchnic blood flow was markedly reduced, while splanchnic oxygen uptake decreased only moderately compared with the awake level. This resulted in an increase in splanchnic oxygen extraction. It is concluded that the splanchnic vascular bed does not contribute to the "hyperkinetic" circulation during halothane anaesthesia.     

老龄大鼠嗅球内神经元超微结构的观察

目的：电镜下观察老龄大鼠嗅球内神经元超微结构改变。方法：2%多聚甲醛、戊二醛混合固定液灌流大鼠,取嗅球,制备超薄切片,电镜观察。结果：突触小球、小球周细胞、僧帽细胞和刷细胞数量减少,核膜断裂,染色质外溢,粗面内质网、高尔基复合体减少。线粒体固缩或形成髓鞘样小体。结论：嗅球内突触小球和神经元减少,细胞器老化可能是导致老年性嗅觉障碍的主要原因。     

老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清NO水平与肾功能变化的相关性研究

目的探讨一氧化氮(NO)在老年Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病发病过程中的变化规律及其与肾功能的关系。方法采用Griess法检测48例Ⅱ型DM病人血清NO值在水平及与肾功能有关的指标,并与17例正常人进行比较,结果血清NO值在正常尿蛋白(DMI)组(88.86±9.61umol/l)和微量尿蛋白(DMII)组(90.00±17.94umol/l)明显高于对照组(56.70±9.53umol/l)(P＜0.01),至临床肾病期血浆NO浓度明显降低(63.25±8.64umol/l)(P＞0.05);NO与BUN、BCR呈负相关,而与CCR呈正相关。结论血清NO水平的动态变化与Ⅱ型DM肾病的发生、发展有密切联系。     

尼群地平与苯那普利联用治疗老年高血压病疗效观察

目的 :观察尼群地平与苯那普利联用治疗老年高血压病的临床疗效。方法 :将 6 0例老年高血压病人随机分为两组 :对照组 30例 ,单用尼群地平 10mg ,每日 3次口服。联用组 30例 ,尼群地平 10mg ,每日 3次 ,苯那普利 5mg ,每日 2次。两组病人均于用药第 1周、2周、3周、4周各测量两次血压及心电图 ,根据病情调节服药剂量。结果 :联用组在降低血压、减慢心率、改善心电图S—T段下移等方面均优于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :尼群地平与苯那普利联用治疗老年高血压病副作用少 ,只要注意禁忌症 ,治疗老年高血压病是安全有效的。     

老年单纯收缩期高血压患者血脂及血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的变化

目的：研究老年单纯收缩期高血压（ISH）患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy)与胆固醇（Tc),甘油三脂（Tg)水平的变化及其相关性。方法：运用高效液相色谱仪及氧化酶法分别测定35例ISH患者,31例单纯期高血压患者,34例原发性高血压患者及30例健康对照组血浆Hcy,Tc,Tg水平,结果：（1）单纯收缩期高血压患者,舒张期高血压患者,原发性高血压患者的Tc,Tg水平均高于健康对照组,差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01）,而Hcy水平只有单纯收缩期高血压和原发性高血压患者高于健康对照组,差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01）;舒张期高血压患者的Hcy水平与健康对照组相比无显著性差异（P＞0．05）,（2）单纯收缩期高血压患者的Tc,Tg水平与舒张期高血压患者,原发性高血压患者的Tc,Tg水平相比没有显著性差异（P＞0．05）,但单纯收缩期高血压患者和原发性高血压患者,原Hcy水平却高于舒张期高血压患者,差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01）,（3）Hcy与Tc,Tg均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0．355（P＜0．01）,0．389（P＜0．01）。结论：老年ISH患者和原发性高血压患者血浆Hcy水平较舒张期高血压患者和健康正常对照组均明显增高,且血浆Hcy和Tc,Tg间有一定的相关性。     

载脂蛋白E多态性与老年冠心病关系的临床研究

目的探讨人载脂蛋白E(apo E)遗传多态性与冠心病的关系.方法采用等电聚焦电泳及免疫印迹法测定102例正常老年人与91例老年冠心病人apoE表型,分析apoE表型与冠心病发病之间的关系.结果冠心病组与正常老年人组apoE表型与apoE等位基因频率分布无显著差异,均以E3/3表型常见和E3等位基因频率最高.结论apoE基因多态性在正常老年人及老年冠心病人之间比较无显著差异.