损伤时间推断研究进展

损伤时间的推断一直是法医病理学研究的重要课题之一.损伤时间推断有两个重要内容,一是生前受伤与死后伤的鉴别,二是伤后存活时间的推断.     

病毒性心肌炎33例诊疗分析

目的 分析33例病毒性心肌炎患者的临床特征和辅助检查特点，总结病毒性心肌炎不同的临床特点、诊断及治疗转归。方法 收集1998年1月～2004年12月临床诊治的病毒性心肌炎患者33例，男20例，女13例，年龄5～42岁，平均年龄29岁，分析归纳其病史、临床经过、发病特征和治疗转归情况。结果 病毒性心肌炎多数为轻型(27／33)，占81．8％，预后良好；少数为重型，(6／33)，占18．2％，病程急剧，病情危重，常合并有其它脏器的损害，且预后差，死亡率高；诊断上缺乏典型的临床特征和辅助检查指标，临床上无特效治疗手段，药物治疗有时也差强人意，应注重综合治疗。结论 病毒性心肌炎临床表现多样，诊断上缺乏特异的临床特征和辅助检查指标，应结合病毒感染史，心悸、胸闷等临床症状和心肌损伤的客观指标作出诊断；治疗上要安静、卧床，中西医结合、积极预防和治疗并发病症，轻型预后良好，重型预后差，死亡率高。     

腹腔镜标准鞘内全子宫切除术400例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜标准鞘内全子宫切除术(CISH)在临床应用中的优势和教训.方法对天津市第一医院收治的400例实施腹腔镜标准鞘内全子宫切除术的患者进行临床分析.结果400例患者中有4例中转开腹,术中出血超过500ml的有7例,1例膀胱损伤于术中修补,1例于术后30 h因腹腔内大出血行开腹手术.结论CISH术式设计合理,操作也不很困难,具有损伤小,恢复快,美观等优点,但也存在一些问题,如术中出血,手术指征掌握不准确,增加手术难度,造成副损伤.     

颅脑损伤80例护理体会

我院收治颅脑损伤患80例，经积极抢救，效果满意。现将护理体会报告如下。     

重型颅脑损伤患者的健康教育

我科2003年4月-2006年6月共收治重型颅脑损伤患者392例，年龄最大79岁，最小3．5岁。通过实施健康教育，指导家属正确有效地配合护理，对减少伤后伤残率、提高患者生存率与生存质量、减少护患纠纷有着重要的意义。     

88例刀损伤患者的院前急救与途中护送

珠江三角洲地区，随着经济的发展，人们的生活越来越丰富多彩，打架、醉酒闹事的人也随之增多，以周末居多，其中刀损伤的患者有上升的趋势。因此，除加强各方面的管理外，一旦发生严重损伤，应争分夺秒地抢救。现将2008年1月～2009年6月，我科出诊抢救88例刀损伤患者护理体会介绍如下。     

重症颅脑损伤手术患者出院后生活质量调查

目的 了解重症颅脑损伤手术患者出院1年后的生活质量,为探讨重症颅脑损伤手术患者持续护理提供依据.方法 选取笔者所在医院神经外科重症颅脑损伤手术患者82例,随机分为亚低温治疗组和常规治疗组,各41例,固定护士2名上门随访.根据ADL生活质量评价表及KPS生活质量评价表进行生活质量调查.结果 62例出院患者1年后的ADL评价及KPS评价与出院时比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),亚低温治疗组与常规治疗组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患者分别出现不同程度的并发症及意外,但亚低温治疗组发生率稍低于常规治疗组.结论 亚低温能降低重症颅脑损伤患者出院后并发症及意外发生率,对这类患者在出院后给予持续专科护理和康复性指导,可以提高他们的生活质量和自理能力,帮助他们回归社会,减轻家庭和社会负担.     

Influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation in pigs with intracranial hypertension

BACKGROUND: Moderate hypothermia is one of the effective therapeutic methods for head injury in recent years, there are many mechanisms of moderate hypothermia for brain protection, and its influence on cerebral oxygenation is also one of them. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation of animals with acute intracranial hypertension, and further investigate the protective mechanism of moderate hypothermia. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital affiliated to the Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. MATERIALS: Twenty healthy little pigs, either male or female, weighing 4.5–5.5 kg, were used. Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system (Diametrics Company, British); CMA/100 micro-injection pump (Carnegie Company, Sweden). METHODS: The experiment was conducted in the Changzheng Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA in November, 2001. The pigs were randomized into two groups: the normothermia group (control group, n =10) and moderate hypothermia group (n =10). ① Bilateral femoral arteries were separated, one was connected to pressometer for monitoring mean arterial pressure (MEP), and the other for analysis of blood gases [including peripheral blood pH value, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), HCO3–]. ② Rectal temperature was monitored with mercurial thermometer. ③ Intracranial pressure was monitored using Camino optic ICP probe placed in the subdural space. ④ Neurotrend multiparameter monitoring sensor was inserted into the white matter for about 4 cm to determine cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP, CPP=MAP(ICP), brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), HCO3– and brain temperature. The rectal temperature of animals in the moderate hypothermia group was lowered to 34 ℃ using ice bags, and the body temperature was maintained at 33–35 ℃ for 2 hours. The changes of the parameters were observed continuously, and the pigs in the normothermia group were not treated with cooling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP; Indexes of cerebral oxygenation detected with Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system; ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group. RESULTS: All the 20 pigs were involved in the analysis of results. ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP and indexes of cerebral oxygenation: In the moderate hypothermia group, the ICP after cooling was obviously lower than that before cooling [(3.31±1.19), (5.33±0.95) kPa, P < 0.05], CCP was higher, brain tissue PCO2 [(12.03±1.73), (10.59±2.01) kPa, P < 0.05], and brain tissue pH value was higher [(7.03±1.63), (9.40±1.30) kPa, P < 0.05], whereas the brain temperature was decreased as compared with that before cooling [(34.9±0.3), (37.2±0.2) ℃, P < 0.05]. ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group: There were no significant differences in the parameters of peripheral arterial blood gases analysis before and after cooling in the moderate hypothermia group (P > 0.05) CONCLUSION: Moderate hypothermia will not impair the cerebral oxygenation, and it can reduce brain tissue CO2 and decrease brain tissue acidosis.     

去甲肾上腺素对原位肝移植术中患者心肌酶的影响

目的 探讨去甲肾上腺素对原位肝移植术中患者心肌酶的影响。方法 选择行非转流经典原位肝移植术患者40例，随机分为去甲肾上腺素组（N组）和多巴胺组（D组，对照组）。N组术中静脉输注去甲肾上腺素，D组术中静脉输注多巴胺；调整去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的输注速率，维持术中平均动脉压(MAP)＞8.0 kPa。分别于切皮前、切皮后60 min、无肝期30 min、新肝期60 min及240 min时测定血流动力学和心肌酶指标。 结果 两组间各时点血流动力学指标比较差异无显著性（P>0.05）。两组间各时点血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)及肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)；切皮前及切皮后60 min时两组各心肌酶值均在正常范围内，其他时点均超过正常范围；与切皮前及切皮后60 min时相比，两组新肝期60，240，min时各心肌酶均显著升高(P<0.05)；两组各时点各心肌酶水平与去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的使用剂量无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论 晚期肝硬化患者行肝移植术中静脉输注去甲肾上腺素对患者心肌酶无不利影响；但新肝再灌注早期心肌细胞损伤严重，术中应加强心肌保护。     

外伤性脑梗塞29例临床分析

外伤性脑梗塞是颅脑损伤病人比较常见的并发症。如不能及时诊治，将加重病情，影响预后。我院近8年来共收治29例外伤脑梗塞，现报道如下。