A comprehensive review of intake estimates of di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) based on indirect exposure models and urinary biomonitoring data

Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) is a high molecular weight general purpose plasticizer used principally in the manufacture of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) articles. DINP metabolites can be measured in biological media such as blood and urine. However, measurement of a substance in the blood or urine does not by itself mean that the chemical causes or is associated with adverse health outcomes. This is particularly pertinent given the advances in modern analytical techniques whereby ever diminishing trace amounts of substances can be detected. Therefore, it is a scientific necessity that risk assessors understand the relationship of biomonitoring data to estimation of exposure so that appropriate comparisons can be made to the no observed adverse effects levels (NOAELs) or other points of departure from toxicological studies in animals. In this paper, estimates of daily DINP intake are calculated for various population segments based on urinary biomonitoring data and are compared to estimates of exposure based on indirect methods and to health-based exposure guidance values. In general, intake estimates converge on a mean of 1–2 μg/kg/day regardless of source of exposure or population cluster; a value 2-orders of magnitude lower than health-based exposure guidance values, ranging from 120 to 290 μg/kg/day, which have been established by regulatory authorities and other authoritative bodies as representing acceptable levels.     

Life span differences in digoxin uptake and excretion

Little is known about the underlying mechanisms for the altered susceptibility to digitalis with age. To this end, we investigated the digoxin uptake and excretion in mice and rats of different ages through the life span, including the periods of growth, maturity, and aging. Digoxin uptake by cardiac slices was linear from 0 to 15 min, with steady state occuring at 45 min. The rate in the mature 12-month mouse was significantly less than that of the senescent 30-month mouse. The kinetic parameters revealed a significant decrease in Km with a concomitant increase in Vmax during senescense. On the other hand uptake by renal cortical slices was highest during growth, decreased to a maturation plateau and then declined further during senescence. Renal clearance and the secretory capacity for digoxin increased 30 and 62%, respectively, during growth and progressively decreased from maturity through senescence and were 59 and 77%, respectively, during aging. In summary, there was an increase in digoxin clearance and tubular activity during growth, and in increase in myocardial uptake of digoxin and a decrease in renal excretion during aging. Thus, these results may explain the clinical observations of altered susceptibility to digitalis with age.     

90Y树脂微球治疗患者尿液中90Y放射性活度检测和分析

目的研究患者接受90Y树脂微球选择性内放射治疗(SIRT)后48 h内所排泄尿液中90Y的放射性活度, 为术后患者排泄物的管理提供建议。方法收集3名患者在术后0～24 h和24～48 h两个时间段内排泄的尿液, 并对尿液中的90Y放射性活度进行检测和分析。结果 3名患者术后0～24 h和24～48 h尿液中的90Y放射性活度排泄量分别为(1 266±258)kBq/GBq和(140±106)kBq/GBq, 90Y放射性活度浓度分别为(640±113)kBq/L和(53±12)kBq/L。结论 90Y树脂微球治疗术后肝癌患者0～24 h排泄尿液中的90Y放射性活度比24～48 h高。术后患者可通过增加排泄尿量的方式来加速排出体内游离的90Y;患者住院期间的排泄物应按照HJ 1188-2020《核医学辐射防护与安全要求》的要求处理。     

The biliary excretion and pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin in jaundiced patients with external bile drainage

ABSTRACT— The biliary excretion and pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin have been studied in jaundiced patients with total external bile drainage through a percutaneous transhepatic catheter. In 10 of 11 studies, 2 g mezlocillin intravenously resulted in biliary concentrations sufficient to exceed the minimum inhibitory concentrations of most common biliary pathogenic organisms. In 6 h, 0.2–6.2% of the dose given was recovered in bile. The biliary clearance was 0.21–7.82 ml/min and increased with the duration of biliary decompression. The serum half-life of mezlocillin was prolonged (1.81 ± 0.23 h, mean ± SD), and was due to reduced biliary and renal clearance.     

Angiotensinogen gene T235 variant: a marker for the development of persistent microalbuminuria in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

AIM: We examined genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) coding for angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) for angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) A1166C as predictors for the development of microalbuminuria (MA) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS: Four hundred fifty-three (215 males, 238 females) T1DM children [median (interquartile range): age, 16.7 years (13.9-18.3); diabetes duration, 6.9 years (3.3-10.8); age at diagnosis, 9.1 years (5.8-11.8)] were followed prospectively from diagnosis until the development of MA (two of three consecutive overnight urine samples with albumin excretion rates of > or =20 and <200 microg/min). Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional multivariate model estimated the probability of developing MA and the relative risk for MA among different variables. RESULTS: MA developed in 41 (9.1%) subjects. The frequencies of genotypes were as follows: ACE-II 112 (25%), ACE-ID 221 (49%), and ACE-DD 117 (26%) (n=450); AGT-MM 144 (32%), AGT-MT 231 (51%), and AGT-TT 77 (17%) (n=452); AGTR1-AA 211 (47%), AGTR1-AC 204 (45%), and AGTR1-CC 37 (8%) (n=452). The cumulative risk for the development of MA was higher in ACE-DD versus ACE-ID/II groups (log-rank test, P=.05), and a trend was noticed when AGT-TT was compared to AGT-MT/MM groups (log-rank test, P=.08). AGT-TT polymorphism conferred a fourfold increased risk for MA compared to AGT-MM/MT (hazard ratio=3.8; 95% confidence interval=1.43-10.3; P=.008). INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that RAS gene polymorphism at AGT M235T is a strong predictor for early MA in young T1DM subjects.     

长江下游丘陵地区环境碘来源调查

目的 调查长江下游丘陵地区环境碘来源.方法 对0～岁、6～岁、12～岁及成人、妊娠、哺乳妇女在同一时点同时测定其每天食盐食用量、食盐碘含量和尿碘排泄量.结果 0～岁、6～岁、12～岁及成人、妊娠、哺乳妇女环境碘来源分别为79.4μg/d,123.5μg/d,283.5μg/d和151.0μg/d,其平均水平为117.0μg/d.结论 环境碘来源是调整食盐加碘量的基础.     

胰岛素强化治疗对早期糖尿病肾病的疗效观察

目的观察胰岛素强化治疗对2型糖尿病合并早期糖尿病肾病(DN)的临床疗效。方法选取我院糖尿病早期肾病患者116例,A组给予胰岛素强化治疗,B组应用口服降糖药治疗。结果胰岛素强化治疗组治疗后尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、空腹血糖、餐后两小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白(GHbA1c)显著下降,空腹C肽及餐后2小时C肽显著升高,与治疗前及对照组比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中逆转为正常蛋白尿14例;对照组上述指标治疗前、后比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),进展为临床期糖尿病6例。结论应用胰岛素强化治疗控制血糖水平,可能会改善糖尿病预后,延缓糖尿病肾病进展。