Residual small artery impairment in hypertensive patients with normal albumin–creatinine ratio

Objectives Previous studies have suggested that urine albumin excretion (UAE) mirrors generalized vascular damage; however, it is unclear to which degree UAE mirrors small artery impairment. Design We enrolled 67 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension (EH) during stable antihypertensive therapy. F-R_min, ACR on three non-consecutive morning urine samples, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABPM) were measured. Results ACR was low (0.39 and 0.30–0.60), but abnormal small artery structure defined as F-R_min?>_?mean?+?2 standard deviations of normotensive value (1.99?+?1?mmHg min/(ml/100?ml)) was present in 45% (n?=?30). The mean F-R_min was 2.89?±?0.09?mmHg min/(ml/100?ml). ACR correlated significantly to PWV (r^2?=^?0.11; p?<?0.05) and pulse pressure (r^2?=^?0.15; p?<?0.001), but not F-R_min and (r^2?=^?0.05, p?=?0.07). Conclusions Abnormal microvascular structure was present even in EH patients with low UAE. ACR correlated to arterial stiffness and not to small artery structure; therefore, UEA did not reflect microvascular damage in this population. ACR and F-R_min thus reflect two distinct types of subclinical organ damage in hypertension.     

SGLT2 inhibitor lowers serum uric acid through alteration of uric acid transport activity in renal tubule by increased glycosuria

Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been reported to lower the serum uric acid (SUA) level. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for this reduction, SUA and the urinary excretion rate of uric acid (UE_UA) were analysed after the oral administration of luseogliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor, to healthy subjects. After dosing, SUA decreased, and a negative correlation was observed between the SUA level and the UE_UA, suggesting that SUA decreased as a result of the increase in the UE_UA. The increase in UE_UA was correlated with an increase in urinary d ‐glucose excretion, but not with the plasma luseogliflozin concentration. Additionally, in vitro transport experiments showed that luseogliflozin had no direct effect on the transporters involved in renal UA reabsorption. To explain that the increase in UE_UA is likely due to glycosuria, the study focused on the facilitative glucose transporter 9 isoform 2 (GLUT9ΔN, SLC2A9b), which is expressed at the apical membrane of the kidney tubular cells and transports both UA and d ‐glucose. It was observed that the efflux of [¹⁴C]UA in Xenopus oocytes expressing the GLUT9 isoform 2 was trans‐stimulated by 10 mm d ‐glucose, a high concentration of glucose that existed under SGLT2 inhibition. On the other hand, the uptake of [¹⁴C]UA by oocytes was cis‐inhibited by 100 mm d ‐glucose, a concentration assumed to exist in collecting ducts. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the UE_UA could potentially be increased by luseogliflozin‐induced glycosuria, with alterations of UA transport activity because of urinary glucose. © 2014 The Authors. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

含氟牙膏对幼儿尿氟含量影响的初步研究

本实验观察了含氟牙膏对３１名４－５岁幼儿氟化物摄入水平的影响。结果发现幼儿使用含氟牙膏３月后尿氟浓度和２４小时尿氟排泄量为０．９６ｐｐｍ和０．５７ｍｇ;使用不含氟牙膏２月后为０．８４ｐｐｍ和０．４７ｍｇ;统计分析有显著差异。表明使用含氟牙膏可使幼儿氟摄入量增加。     

Application of the assay of urine FSH β-subunit in patients with pubertal disorders

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic predictive value in the identification of puberty disorders by means of ELISA of β-FSH subunit levels in successively collected urine samples compared to RIA of intact FSH in serum obtained from the normal control subjects and patients with puberty disorders, respectively.Subjects and Methods: Five male and four female volunteers were recruited as controls. Four patients with the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, five patients with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, four patients with the central precocious puberty and one patient with isosexual peripheral precocious puberty collected successively their early-morning urine samples for 30 to 32 days.The urine β-FSH subunit was assayed with the method of ELISA, then adjusted by creatinine (Cr) concentration.Results:Comparing with their cotemporary groups, patients with the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism had lower levels of urine β-FSH, and patients with idiopathic hypergonadism had higher levels with irregular fluctuation. Meanwhile, patients with the central precocious puberty had much higher levels of urine β-FSH with irregular peaks, and patients with isosexual peripheral precocious puberty had almost normal levels. The patterns were coincident with the clinical characteristics and serum FSH levels.Conclusion: The ELISA of urine β-FSH subunit possesses a number of advantages over the RIA of serum FSH level, such as low cost, simplicity and reliability in the clinical practice. It can be used for the diagnoses of puberty disorders. In addition, it is possible and much easier, comparing with blood samples, to collect successively urine samples for research of pathophysiological dynamics of FSH secretion in puberty disorders and other reproductive dysfunction.     

Effect of different immunisation schedules on the excretion and reversion of oral poliovaccine strains

Excretion of live oral poliovaccine and molecular markers of increased virulence in the viruses isolated were examined in children who were either previously immunised with inactivated or live vaccine or were unimmunised. There appeared to be some effect of previous immunisation with either live or killed vaccine at the second dose of live vaccine. Where an effect was seen it took the form of reduced rates of excretion, shorter time periods of excretion and more rapid and complete reversion of the excreted virus. The data are consistent with the view that poliovirus is able to escape the immune pressure in the gut to some extent by improving its general fitness rather than direct evasion of immunity.     

尿白蛋白排泄率与2型糖尿病微血管病变的相关性分析

研究尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)与糖尿病肾脏病变(DN)、视网膜病变(DR)之间的关系,并探讨与其有关的相关危险因素. 对465例2型糖尿病患者按UAER分成正常白蛋白尿组(NAU组,UAER＜20μg/min)、微量白蛋白尿组(MAU组,20μg/min ≤UAER＜200μg/min )和临床白蛋白尿组(CAU组,U...