丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠对海水浸泡人肺泡上皮细胞钠钾三磷酸腺苷酶的影响

目的 探讨丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠(STS)对海水浸泡人肺泡上皮A549细胞钠钾三磷酸腺苷酶(NKA)的影响,并研究细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)信号通路在其中的作用.方法 将A549细胞随机分为正常组(NG组)、STS组(STS组)、海水组(SW组)、海水+STS组(SW+STS组)、海水+STS+ ERK抑制剂组(SW+ STS+ U0126组).分别以海水、STS及U0126按各组要求浸泡A549细胞,通过Westernblotting法检测各组NKAα1,NKAβ1,ERK1/2蛋白的表达,水解比色法检测NKA活性.结果 SW组的NKA表达及活性均较NG组明显下降,SW+ STS组的NKA活性、NKAα1及NDKβ1蛋白丰度较SW组明显增高,而SW+ STS+ U0126组NKA活性及表达均较SW+ STS组明显下降.结论 STS可抑制海水浸泡A549细胞后导致的NKA活性、NKAα1及NKAβ1蛋白表达的下降,而ERK信号通路在其中发挥了一定的作用.     

海水型呼吸窘迫综合征犬模型的实验研究

目的构建海水型呼吸窘迫综合征(SW-RDS)的犬模型,为研究海水淹溺后的呼吸窘迫综合征的病理表现和治疗提供平台。方法选择12只健康犬随机分为2组,即对照组(n=4)和模型组(n=8)。对比两组血流动力学、血气分析、电解质等指标和肺组织细胞学变化,并检测支气管肺泡液和血液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-L)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)浓度。结果与对照组相比,模型组出现明显的血流动力学、血气和乳酸的变化,病理结果显示肺组织损伤明显,LDH-L和ALP持续显著升高。上述变化符合SW-RDS的诊断标准。结论SW-RDS犬模型能够反映海水淹溺后的病理生理变化规律和SW-RDS的病理特征。     

2007～2008年嵊泗列岛反渗透法海水淡化出厂水水质检测分析

目的:了解淡化海水作为饮用水水源长期饮用对人群健康可能造成的潜在危害,以及为制定干预措施和相关卫生标准提供参考依据。方法:根据《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB5750-2006)要求,2007年~2008年四次对嵊泗海水淡化出厂水进行了采样和检测。按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)要求对检测结果进行评价和分析。结果:嵊泗本岛海水淡化出厂水感官性状指标基本符合生活饮用水卫生标准;化学指标检测发现:海水最突出的高盐高渗透的问题得到有效解决,影响海水不能饮用的主要化学指标钾、钠、总硬度、溶解性总固体、氯化物、硫酸盐等均已降至卫生标准值以下,但存在普遍硼超标以及淡化海水的典型的"软水"现象。结论:淡化海水作为长期饮用水对人体健康的潜在危害值得进一步研究和探讨。     

Epidemiological survey of Vibrio vulnificus infection in Japan between 1999 and 2003

The frequency of Vibrio vulnificus infection is very rare and there are many questions regarding its epidemiology in Japan. To investigate the clinical course and epidemiology of V. vulnificus infection in Japan, we performed a retrospective questionnaire survey in which 1693 hospitals from all over Japan were surveyed, including advanced life saving emergency centers and dermatology institutions. Of the 1693 hospitals, we received answers from 1045. Ninety-four cases were confirmed as V. vulnificus infections during 1999 and 2003. Sixty-eight (72.3%) of the 94 patients had the septic type infection with a mortality rate of 75.0% (51/68 patients died). The prognosis of patients with the septic type was worse than that of the wound type (P < 0.001). V. vulnificus infections occurred from June to November and none occurred in winter. Many infections occurred in western Japan with the majority of infections (50/94) occurring in Kyushu. In particular, 43 infections occurred in marine coastal areas of the Ariake and Yatsushiro Seas, which have many tidelands. Seventy-seven of 89 patients (86.5%) had liver function impairment as an underlying disease, and 53 (59.6%) had liver cirrhosis, of whom nine (10.1%) suffered from liver cancer. The incidence of V. vulnificus infection was different according to districts. Geographic and climatic factors also contributed to the occurrence of V. vulnificus infection.     

Sunlight inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica, compared with Escherichia coli, in seawater and river water

The inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica, compared with Escherichia coli, was determined in 100 l chambers of seawater and river water located at an outdoor site. The chambers (paired with dark controls) were seeded with waste stabilization pond effluent and laboratory-cultured pathogens, and exposed to sunlight in summer and winter experiments. All sunlight inactivation (k_S) rates, as a function of cumulative global solar radiation (insolation), were far higher than the corresponding dark (k_D) rates, with a ranking (and average k_S rates for seawater and river water, respectively) of: C. jejuni (3.23; 2.34)>S. enterica (0.51; 0.37)>E. coli (0.34; 0.26). All the T₉₀ (time to 90% inactivation) values were higher in winter than in summer, but there was far greater similarity between the summer and winter S₉₀ (insolation needed for 90% inactivation) values. The rapid inactivation of C. jejuni was attributed to a high susceptibility to photooxidative damage. The results suggest that, in sunlight-exposed waters, E. coli will be a more conservative indicator for C. jejuni than for S. enterica, and C. jejuni transmission as a pathogenic agent is less likely than for S. enterica.     

海水浸泡开放性颅脑伤的治疗

目的 :为提高海水浸泡开放性颅脑伤的疗效选择一种好的治疗方法。方法 :陆地组 2 0 0例 ,用常规治疗 ;海水浸泡组 35例 ,除常规治疗外 ,还采用高频喷射通气、尼莫通等治疗。结果 :陆地组生存率为 97% ,海水浸泡组为 94 %。海水浸泡组与陆地组相比疗效较差 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :海水浸泡开放性颅脑伤的生存率虽不如陆地组 ,但与有关报告相比明显提高。因此认为采用高频通气和钙离子拮抗剂尼莫地平治疗海水浸泡开放性颅脑伤是一种有效的方法。     

Selective Adsorption of Potassium in Seawater by CoHCF Thin Film Electrode and Its Electrochemical Desorption/Regeneration

Cobalt Hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) was tested for the selective uptake of K from seawater and the electrochemical method was adopted for the desorption and regeneration of the material. Powder form CoHCF could adsorb about 6.5 mmol/g of K from the seawater. For the ease of the electrochemical desorption and regeneration, CoHCF thin film was coated onto the Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass to obtain a CoHCF electrode. K adsorption kinetics on CoHCF thin film was found to be well fitted with the intraparticle diffusion model, which was a two-step process. Five consecutive adsorption-desorption-regeneration cycles were carried out to know the gradual decrease in the adsorption capacity owing to changes in the redox states of two metals, Co and Fe, in the material. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) measurement results corresponded to the color change of CoHCF thin film, indicating the valence change of transition metals and the exchange of alkali metal cations happened on the CoHCF at different operation stages. In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism, composition of the material was analysis in the following steps: adsorption, desorption, and regeneration. It was proved that the system based on CoHCF thin film modified electrode had the potential of recovering potassium from seawater.     

Experimental Study on Triaxial Compressive Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fiber Coral Seawater Concrete

In order to study the mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber all-coral seawater concrete in triaxial compression, 36 specimens were developed and constructed for triaxial compression load testing employing confining pressure value (0, 6, 12, 18 MPa) and polypropylene fiber admixture (1 kg·m⁻³, 2 kg·m⁻³, 3 kg·m⁻³) as variation parameters. The test observed the failure mode of the specimen and obtained the stress–strain curve of the whole process of its force damage failure. An in-depth analysis of polypropylene fiber all-coral seawater concrete’s peak stress, peak strain, initial elastic modulus, axial deflection, energy dissipation, ductility, and damage evolution process was carried out based on the experimental data. The test findings indicated that the best effect on the deformation properties of polypropylene fiber all-coral seawater concrete is obtained when 3 kg·m⁻³ of polypropylene fiber is blended. Under triaxial compression, the correct number of polypropylene fibers may significantly enhance the peak stress, peak strain, ductility, and elastic modulus of polypropylene fiber all-coral seawater concrete, therefore enhancing the brittle characteristics of coral concrete. During the triaxial surround pressure test, the confining pressure value and polypropylene fiber coupling effect delayed the appearance of initial damage in polypropylene fiber complete coral seawater concrete specimens, slowed the development of damage, and reduced the degree of damage to the specimens.     

胸部开放伤后海水浸泡对实验犬肾脏病理形态学的影响

目的：探讨胸部开放伤后海水浸泡对实验犬肾脏病理形态学的影响。方法：实验动物致伤后随机分为对照组（n＝5）;单纯胸伤组（n=10,致伤后直接观察4小时）;海水浸泡组（n=10,致伤后立即放入人工配制的海水浸泡4小时）。采用光镜和电镜对肾组织进行病理形态学检查,并于致伤前及伤后（浸泡后）15、30、45分钟以及1、2、3和4小时采取血标本,采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子－α（TNF-α）和白介素－1β（IL-1β）水平。结果：光镜检查表现为部分肾小球毛细血管丛体积缩小,腔内空虚、塌陷,部分扩张充血,体积增大,电镜下可见足细胞内线粒体肿胀,内质网扩张,足突变形、融合;肾小管上皮浊肿,部分有透明变性及空泡变性,部分有斑片状坏死,并可见远曲小管上皮消失,管腔内有蛋白管型,肾间质血管充血,海水浸泡组伤后血浆TNF－α和IL－1β表达明显升高,且高峰出现时间明显提前。结论：胸部开放伤后海水浸泡可导致伤后早期肾细胞的病理形态学改变。