低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤实验犬的救治作用

目的：观察低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤的救治效果。方法：建立腹腔海水浸泡伤动物模型。35只犬随机均分为对照组(A组)、质量分数为5％的葡萄糖治疗组(B组)、0．45％氯化钠治疗组(C组)、0．9％氯化钠治疗组(D组)及低张胶体液治疗组(E组)，观察每组动物腹腔海水浸泡后平均动脉压(MAP)、心排血量(CO)、尿量、血浆渗透压及脑、肺组织的病理学变化。结果：低张胶体液可显著改善MAP及CO，增加尿量，降低血浆渗透压，预防脑、肺水肿的发生。结论：低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤具有较好的救治效果。     

A Lower Sodium Neapolitan Pizza Prepared with Seawater in Place of Salt: Nutritional Properties,Sensory Characteristics,and Metabolic Effects

Seawater is rich in minerals which may help confer good palatability to foods, favouring the use of smaller amounts of salt, a recognized measure of cardiovascular prevention. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional properties, sensory characteristics and metabolic effects of a typical Neapolitan pizza prepared with seawater (SWP) in place of common salt, in comparison with Standard traditional Pizza (StP). The nutritional characteristics and the chemical profile of the SWP and StP were assessed by chemical analyses and the use of Food Composition Tables. Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited for a Randomized Controlled Trial, with the consumption of one StP and one SWP using a balanced crossover design. The satiating power and palatability of the two pizzas were tested by the administration of Visual Analogue Scales. Serum glucose, insulin and sodium were measured every 30 min and 3 h urines were collected after each meal. SWP contained nearly 50% less NaCl and a larger amount of micronutrients compared with StP. No significant differences were detected between the two pizzas with regard to satiating power, pleasantness and glycemic and insulinemic response. However, a significant difference was found in the urine volume collected over the 3 h after the two meals (194 mL after StP vs. 292 mL after SWP, p = 0.018) and in the 3 h sodium balance (+1.6 g after StP vs. +0.5 g after SWP, p = 0.002). Conclusions: SWP appears to be a food with favourable nutritional characteristics, very good acceptability and healthy metabolic properties: these results warrant confirmation by a larger intervention trial.     

Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus from seawater aquaria

The seawater bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus was detected in 5 of 20 water samples from seawater aquaria (from 3 of 5 units) and also from the surface of diseased stony corals. A total of 45 isolates were differentiated biochemically, of which 13 isolates (29%) proved to be V. alginolyticus. All those strains produced the virulence factors caseinase and lipase, 11 strains amylase and gelatinase. 7 strains showed lecithinase activity and 2 strains produced hemolysins. All examined strains showed a marked toxicity to vero cells proven by the MTT-bioassay, but no toxicity to plant cells with the saline alga Asteromonas gracilis as model. The isolates were mostly resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, macrolides and lincomycin. However, they proved to be susceptible to aminoglycoside- and polypeptide-antibiotics as well as to tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, enrofloxacin and sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprim. The possible participation of this bacterium in the bleaching and dying of stony corals is mentioned as well as its role as human pathogen.     

Effect of pH on the Corrosion and Repassivation Behavior of TA2 in Simulated Seawater

The effect of pH on the corrosion and repassivation behavior of TA2 in simulated seawater was studied using electrochemical tests, immersion experiments, and surface morphology topology analysis. The results show that E_corr and R_f increased while i_pass and weight loss rate decreased as the pH of simulated seawater increased. The TA2 passive film was determined to be mainly composed of a large amount of TiO₂ and a small amount of TiO. The repassivation function of TA2 can be expressed as E = −0.1375 + 0.0532ln(t − 1.241) for a simulated seawater pH of 8.2. The parameter b, which represents the slope of the potential–time curve during the friction electrode test, was used to evaluate the repassivation behavior of TA2. The increase in pH value was observed to promote the repassivation speed of the passive film, which is beneficial to the corrosion resistance of TA2.     

Effect of temperature on the survival of hepatitis A virus and its capsidal antigen in synthetic seawater

The aim of this work is to study the variation of the infectious titer and the hepatitis A virus (HAV) antigen titer at 4, 19, and 25°C following artificial contamination in sterile seawater. The results show that the survival of infectious HAV depends greatly on the temperature parameter. The T₉₀ are 11 days at 25°C and 24 days at 19°C, and the infectious titer remains stable at 4°C throughout the 92 day duration of the experiment. The capsidal antigen is found to survive much longer in seawater than the infectious virus. Indeed the T₉₀ was estimated to be 19 times greater at 19°C and 7 times greater at 25°C for the capsidal antigen. The capsidal antigen constitutes a marker that allows detection of the presence of HAV in seawater, although it has very low sensitivity and does not provide any information on the infectious characteristics of the virus. Indeed at 19 and 25°C the antigen survives much longer than the infectious virus. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13 : 89–92, 1998     

低pH缓冲生理海水喷雾器辅助治疗儿童气传花粉变应性鼻炎的效果

目的评估低pH缓冲生理海水鼻腔喷雾器在治疗气传花粉所致儿童变应性鼻炎中的效果。方法将85例气传花粉所致变应性鼻炎患儿随机分为联合治疗组(45例,低pH缓冲生理海水喷雾器联合鼻用糖皮质激素)和对照组(40例,鼻用糖皮质激素)。观察两组临床疗效、主观症状评分及不良事件发生情况。结果治疗后2周,联合治疗组治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后2周,联合治疗组喷嚏、鼻塞、鼻痒、流涕评分及TNSS总评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后4周,联合治疗组鼻塞、鼻痒、流涕评分及TNSS总评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论低pH缓冲生理海水鼻腔喷雾器作为儿童气传花粉变应性鼻炎的一种辅助治疗方法,联合鼻用糖皮质激素可有效缩短病程,改善早期症状,疗效确切,操作简便、安全,具有广泛的应用前景。     

开放骨缺损海水浸泡感染后人工材料修复的对比研究

目的观察海水浸泡开放骨缺损感染后的人工材料修复组织病理及骨折骨痂生长影像学变化。方法取成年犬于桡骨中段截骨制成开放骨折并骨缺损2 cm动物模型,海水浸泡伤口2 h为实验组,对照组开放伤口自然暴露2h,伤口感染后分别取分泌物细菌培养及药物敏感试验,存在细菌感染共48只,其中实验组感染24只,对照组24只。实验组随机分成两组,给予行伤口清创,分别以纳米骨(纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合骨,Nano-hydroxyapatite/Polyamide 66)骨段植入及CPC(自固化磷酸钙calciumphosphate cement)凝固体植入,各12只;对照组随机分成两组,给予伤口清创后以纳米材料骨骨段及CPC凝固体植入,各12只。所有实验动物均以玻璃纤维石膏绷带固定,定期给予敏感抗生素肌内注射。术后2月观察各组动物骨缺损骨折端的组织病理学及影像学变化。结果①实验组与对照组以及纳米骨与CPC间组织病理结果有统计学差异(P<0.05);②术后12周实验组与对照组间以及纳米骨与CPC间断端骨痂组织愈合等级有统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论海水浸泡开放骨缺损感染后人工材料修复比自然暴露骨缺损修复效果差;开放骨缺损感染后CPC凝固体植入较纳米骨骨段植入修复效果好。     

不同海水浸泡时间对左氧氟沙星在腹部开放伤比格犬体内的药动学影响

目的建立腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡比格犬动物模型,研究左氧氟沙星（LVFX）在腹部开放性损伤合并海水浸泡比格犬与正常比格犬中的药动学变化。方法 12只比格犬随机分为3组,每组4只。A组为正常对照组,B组为腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡45 min组,C组为腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡90 min组。3组动物给药方案为：静脉输注LVFX25 mg/kg,60 min输注完毕。实验进程中监测实验动物体温。采用HPLC测定LVFX浓度;3P97计算药动学参数。结果腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡比格犬在浸泡过程中和出水后体温显著下降,且随浸泡时间增加而下降幅度增加。LVFX在比格犬体内呈二室模型,A、B和C组药动学参数分别为：Cmax（30.05±1.75）、（36.10±4.74）和（42.34±4.19）mg/L,t1/2β（8.23±0.65）、（11.02±0.54）和（13.19±3.87）h,AUC（247.00±14.10）、（345.22±56.68）和（417.79±83.32）mgoh/L,Vc（6.97±2.02）、（6.68±1.67）和（7.82±1.62）L,ClS（1.20±0.15）、（1.06±0.12）和（0.92±0.15）L/h。与A组比较,B组t1/2β和AUC显著增加（P〈0.05）;C组t1/2β、Cmax和AUC（t1/2β,P〈0.01;Cmax,AUC,P〈0.05）显著增加。与B组比较,C组t1/2β（P〈0.05）差异明显。结论腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡比格犬体内LVFX代谢消除随浸泡时间延长而明显减慢,其机制可能与浸泡导致的低体温状况有关。     

部分液体通气对兔海水淹溺型肺水肿的治疗作用

目的:观察肺内注入全氟萘烷(FDC)形成的部分液体通气(PLV)对海水淹溺型肺水肿(PE-SWD)家兔动脉血气、肺顺应性、气道峰压、体循环功能及肺损伤程度的影响.方法:健康成年雄性新西兰兔42只,体质量(2.35±0.21)kg,经气管插管注入配方海水制备成PE-SWD模型后,随机分为3组(n=14):阳性对照组(PE);常规机械通气组(CMV),即常规通气(CMV) 呼气末正压(PEEP)治疗;部分液体通气组(PLV),即肺内注入FDC CMV PEEP.分别观察各组治疗前及治疗后5、15、30、60、120、180 min动脉血气、呼吸力学、体循环参数、肺病理组织学的变化和存活时间.结果:PLV组动脉血氧分压明显提高,达到(262.84±64.33)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),肺静态顺应性提高约31.3%,气道峰压下降约23.4%,血浆TNF-α较PE组减低约24.9%.但存活时间与PE组无显著差异,少于CMV组.结论:PLV可明显改善PE-SWD家兔的动脉血气和肺顺应性、降低气道峰压、减少肺组织损伤,对体循环无明显影响,但治疗结束后存活时间少于CMV.