Whole exome sequencing unravels disease‐causing genes in consanguineous families in Qatar

Whole exome sequencing (WES) has greatly facilitated the identification of causal mutations for diverse human genetic disorders. We applied WES as a molecular diagnostic tool to identify disease‐causing genes in consanguineous families in Qatar. Seventeen consanguineous families with diverse disorders were recruited. Initial mutation screening of known genes related to the clinical diagnoses did not reveal the causative mutations. Using WES approach, we identified the definitive disease‐causing mutations in four families: (i) a novel nonsense homozygous (c.1034C>G) in PHKG2 causing glycogen storage disease type 9C (GSD9C) in a male with initial diagnosis of GSD3; (ii) a novel homozygous 1‐bp deletion (c.915del) in NSUN2 in a male proband with Noonan‐like syndrome; (iii) a homozygous SNV (c.1598C>G) in exon 11 of IDUA causing Hurler syndrome in a female proband with unknown clinical diagnosis; (iv) a de novo known splicing mutation (c.1645+1G>A) in PHEX in a female proband with initial diagnosis of autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets. Applying WES as a diagnostic tool led to the unambiguous identification of disease‐causing mutations in phenotypically complex disorders or correction of the initial clinical diagnosis in ?25% of our cases.     

家族性常染色体隐性遗传早发性帕金森综合征ATP13A2基因突变研究

目的 探讨常染色体隐性遗传早发性帕金森综合征(autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism,AREP)家系患者中ATP13A2基因的突变特点.方法 应用聚合酶链反应结合DNA直接序列分析方法对25个已排除Parkin,DJ-1和PINK1基因纯合突变及复合杂合突变的AREP家系共46例患者进行ATP13A2基因突变分析.结果 AREP患者中未发现ATP13A2基因的致病突变,发现了6个已知多态,为IVS6+70A>G、IVS12+66A>G、m1849C>T、IVS20-56 G>A、m2671C>T和m2824G>A.结论 家族性AREP患者中ATP13A2基因的突变可能罕见.     

三个常染色体隐性遗传性青少年型帕金森综合征家系的基因型与表型分析

目的探讨常染色体隐性遗传性青少年型帕金森综合征(autosomal recessive juvenile parkinson-ism,AR-JP)parkin基因的突变及临床特征。方法应用聚合酶链反应、DNA测序和限制性核酸内切酶酶切等技术对15个AR-JP家系先证者的parkin基因进行突变研究。结果发现3个家系有parkin基因的突变,其中2个家系含parkin基因的杂合缺失突变,分别为第2外显子的202-203delAG及第9外显子的1069-1074delGTGTCC;另一家系发现一个杂合点突变,为第12外显子的1422(T→C)。其中1069-1074delGTGTCC和1422(T→C)为新的突变。3个家系共6名患者,发病年龄18~31岁,平均25.2±5.7岁;病情进展慢,腱反射活跃或亢进、症状波动常见;对小剂量多巴制剂反应良好。结论我国的AR-JP家系存在parkin基因的突变;含parkin基因突变的AR-JP患者有帕金森病的一般临床表现,又有其独特的临床特征。     

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: a new case report and identification of two novel mutations (Gly156A1a and Val217Ile), only one of which (Gly156A1a) is deleterious

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency results in an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disease characterized by initial involvement of cellular immunity and neurological manifestations with subsequent abnormalities of humoral immunity. The initial presentation and clinical course has varied widely in the relatively few published cases. The molecular basis has been reported in only 10 patients, precluding evaluation of phenotype-genotype relationships. We now report clinical, immunologic, and molecular findings in a new case of relatively early onset that emphasizes hypotonia and developmental delay as early manifestations. The patient carried two novel missense mutations (Gly56A1a and Val217Ile) on the same allele in apparent homozygosity. Expression of each of the mutant enzymes in vitro demonstrated that the Gly156A1a mutation abolished enzyme activity while the Val217Ile mutation was without obvious effect and is therefore a normal variant. Such "normal" polymorphisms might be associated with a variable response to the immunosuppressive PNP inhibitors currently in clinical trials.     

Auditory canal atresia,humeroscapular synostosis,and other skeletal abnormalities: Confirmation of the autosomal recessive “SAMS” syndrome

A second girl with the unique combination of auditory canal atresia and scapulohumeral synostosis is reported. This patient also had bilateral clubfeet and genital abnormalities. The other patient reported with this syndrome and the presently reported child both had consanguineous parents. Mental development was normal in both children. The acronym SAMS (Short stature, Auditory canal atresia, Mandibular hypoplasia, and Skeletal abnormalities) was suggested to describe the main manifestations in this syndrome. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Assessment of the genetic causes of recessive childhood non-syndromic deafness in the UK - implications for genetic testing

Approximately one in 2000 children is born with a genetic hearing impairment, mostly inherited as a non-syndromic, autosomal recessive trait, for which more than 30 different genes have been identified. Previous studies have shown that one of these genes, connexin 26 (GJB2), accounts for 30-60% of such deafness, but the relative contribution of the many other genes is not known, especially in the outbred UK population. This lack of knowledge hampers the development of diagnostic genetic services for deafness. In an effort to determine the molecular aetiology of deafness in the population, 142 sib pairs with early-onset, non-syndromic hearing impairment were recruited. Those in whom deafness could not be attributed to GJB2 mutations were investigated further for other mapped genes. The genetic basis of 55 cases (38.7%) was established, 33.1% being due to mutations in the GJB2 gene and 3.5% due to mutations in SLC26A4. None of the remaining 26 loci investigated made a significant contribution to deafness in a Caucasian population. We suggest that screening the GJB2 and SLC26A4 genes should form the basis of any genetic testing programme for childhood deafness and highlight a number of important issues for consideration and future work.     

三个常染色体隐性遗传早发型帕金森病家系的PARKIN基因研究

目的 探讨PARKIN基因与中国人常染色体隐性遗传早发型帕金森病（autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson’s disease，AREP）家系的关系。方法 对3个AREP家系的6例患者和23位成员进行系统的临床检查并进行PARKIN基因PCR扩增，产物通过变性高压液相色谱（denaturing high—performance liquid chmnatogmphy，DHPLC）进行突变检测，阳性结果标本进行基因测序。结果 所有研究对象的PARKIN基因外显子均扩增成功。DHPLC检测和基因测序发现一个家系中存在PARKIN基因杂合Gly284Arg突变，另一个家系中存在PARKIN基因Ser167Asn多态性，且患者均有环境毒物接触史。结论 PARKIN基因杂合Gly284Arg突变在环境因素的协同作用下可能导致发病。PARKIN基因Ser167Asn多态性是帕金森病的易感因素，汞中毒与其共同作用可能导致发病。     

一例OCRL基因外显子重复变异所致的眼脑肾综合征患儿的临床及遗传学分析

目的探讨1例表现为先天性白内障、脑发育迟缓、蛋白尿的男性患儿的遗传学病因。方法收集患儿的临床资料,采集患儿及其正常表型的亲代的外周血样,提取基因组DNA,应用高通量测序法筛查OCRL基因的变异,并用定量PCR法进行验证。通过变异序列分析和PubMed检索,预测候选变异的致病性。结果患儿曾接受先天性白内障手术,脑发育迟缓,脑部成像显示脑沟裂增宽、双侧额颞部蛛网膜下腔增宽、脑室后角旁白质髓鞘化不良等,此外有蛋白尿及双肾弥漫性回声。患儿X染色体OCRL基因第5~16外显子存在重复变异。患儿母亲为该变异的携带者,父亲未携带。结论OCRL基因第5~16外显子重复变异是该患儿的发病原因。由OCRL基因外显子重复所致的眼脑肾综合征尚无文献报道。鉴于眼脑肾综合征临床表现的异质性,基因检测对于该病的确诊具有重要的意义。