Noradrenaline transport by rat heart sympathetic nerves: A re-examination of the role of sodium ions

Summary The effect of sodium ion on ³H-(–)-noradrenaline (0.0875 to 0.5 M) transport by rat heart atrial hemi-appendages incubated in vitro has been studied, and the following observations made: a) When sodium was omitted (choline and lithium substitution) there was no evidence for active noradrenaline transport, and only a component that did not show saturation kinetics up to 1 M noradrenaline, remained. b) Omission of sodium or addition of 4×10^–5 M desipramine inhibited noradrenaline transport to exactly the same extent, and their effects were not additive. Alprenolol did not reduce this sodium-independent transport, but tropolone lowered it somewhat. c) No evidence for corticosterone-sensitive noradrenaline transport (uptake-2) was found in this preparation at the low amine concentrations used. d) In control medium, the kinetic parameters of transport were: K _m: 0.59 ± 0.063 M and V _max: 2.44 ± 0.43 (pmoles/mg protein/min). With 26 mM sodium and the rest substituted by choline, K _m:2.26 ± 0.70 M (P0.001) and V _max: 2.74 ± 0.43 (pmoles/mg protein/min) (not significant). Also with 26 mM sodium, but with sucrose substitution, K _m: 0.76 ± 0.13 M (N.S.) and V _max: 1.06 ± 0.13 (pmol/mg/min) (P<0.05). Such results indicate that sodium only modifies the affinity of the transport system for noradrenaline, without changing V _max, and that changes in the latter are only a consequence of a reduction of the ionic strength. e) When noradrenaline transport was studied at different concentrations of external sodium, at constant ionic strength and with precautions to minimize the noradrenaline-releasing effect of low sodium, it was found that the data could be best represented by two hyperbolas placed in series. This suggests that the noradrenaline carrier has two sites for sodium, that do not interact with each other. When the same experiments were repeated in the absence of chloride, it was found that the noradrenaline transport system had lost virtually all its affinity for sodium. f) The effect of prolonged tissue incubation in the absence of sodium was found to produce a relatively small inactivation of noradrenaline transport. Such phenomenon was enhanced by raising the calcium concentration to 2 mM.     

Postsynaptic inhibition of invertebrate neuromuscular transmission by avermectin B1a

The avermectins are a family of novel macrocyclic lactones which paralyze nematodes and insects. One highly potent member of this family, avermectin B1a, has been shown to block neuromuscular transmission in the lobster opener and stretcher muscles. Continuous superfusion of these muscles with the drug (6 microM) resulted in a rapid loss of intracellularly recorded inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Amplitudes of excitatory potentials and membrane input resistance declined at a slower rate, with a similar time course (25-30 min). These effects were not reversed by prolonged washing. A 3-5 mV hyperpolarization was also observed, which was reversed to depolarization in low chloride lobster saline. Picrotoxin (20 microM) blocked the effects of avermectin B1a on excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Both gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and avermectin B1a decreased the slope of current voltage curves in the stretcher muscle, reflecting an increase in membrane conductance. These changes were greatly reduced by application of bicuculline (50 microM) or picrotoxin (20 microM) Avermectin B1a had no effect on the "fast" axon excitatory electrical responses (glutaminergic) of the cockroach extensor tibiae muscle fibers which lack an inhibitory (GABAergic) input. It is concluded that at the lobster neuromuscular junction, avermectin B1a acts on the GABAergic synapse and lowers input resistance of the muscle membranes by causing an increase in chloride ion permeability.     

Effects of lead,copper, and zinc on the rat's lactate dehydrogenase in vivo and in vitro

Following subacute intoxication of rats with Pb-, Cu-, and Zn-salts (separately or in mixture) for 5 weeks, the chelating agent D-penicillamine was administered for 3 weeks. In the course of the 3-month experiment, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was estimated in serum and in cytoplasmic fraction of the kidney. Pb²⁺ treatment resulted in an increase of LDH activity, Cu²⁺ in a slight decrease, whereas Zn²⁺ had no effect, respectively. Mixture of these metals caused a significant rise in the enzymatic activity. Seven weeks after the stoppage of the administration of toxic substances, altered LDH activity, both in serum and in kidney returned to normal. D-penicillamine treatment was found to accelerate a restoration of the enzyme activity.In the experiments in vitro, Cu²⁺ inhibited significantly the kidney LDH activity, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ being 100- and 400-times less efficient, respectively. Cu²⁺ inhibition was reversed by D-penicillamine, whereas inhibition of LDH by Zn²⁺ or Pb²⁺ was irreversible.     

Early postnatal maturation of GABAA-mediated inhibition in the brainstem respiratory rhythm-generating network of the mouse

It is well established that GABA_A‐mediated postsynaptic potentials are excitatory in many brain regions during embryonic and early postnatal life. The pre‐Bötzinger complex (PBC) in the brainstem is an essential component of the respiratory rhythm‐generating network, where GABA_A‐mediated inhibition plays a critical role in generating a stable respiratory rhythm in adult animals. In the present study, using the perforated patch technique, we investigated the maturation of GABA_A receptor‐mediated effects on rhythmically active PBC neurons and on the motor output in slice preparations from P0–15 neonatal mice. The reversal potential of GABA_A receptor‐mediated current (E_GABA‐A) switched from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing within the first postnatal week. E_GABA‐A was ?13.7 ± 9.8 mV at P0, then it changed to ?44.8 ± 7.0 mV at P2 and ?71.5 ± 6.8 mV at P4. Perfusion of bicarbonate‐free saline has no detectable influence on E_GABA‐A, indicating that a lack of Cl^– extrusion during P0–3 is mainly responsible for early GABA_A‐ergic excitation. At the network level, blockade of GABA_A receptors with bicuculline did not significantly change the frequency of rhythmic bursts recorded from hypoglossal nerve roots before P3, whereas it increased the coefficient of variation. After P3, bicuculline increased burst frequency with little effect on the coefficient of variation. Thus, chloride‐mediated inhibition, which appears in PBC neurons after P3, coincides with the appearance of GABA_A‐mediated modulation of the respiratory rhythm. GABA_A receptor‐activated inhibition may therefore be necessary for frequency modulation in the respiratory network beginning on the fourth postnatal day in the mouse brainstem.     

复方毛冬青注射液与3种输液配伍后的微粒及其pH值观察

目的　观察复方毛冬青注射液分别与 0 9%氯化钠注射液、10 %葡萄糖注射液和小儿用葡萄糖氯化钠注射液 3种输液配伍时的不溶性微粒及其pH值变化。方法　不同剂量 ( 4、6、8和 10ml)的复方毛冬青注射液分别与 10 0ml上述输液配伍 ,混合液的不溶性微粒利用微粒分析仪测定 ,以及其 pH值利用pH/离子计仪测定。 结果　不同剂量复方毛冬青注射液与各输液混合其 4个通道 (≥ 2 5 μm、≥ 10 μm、≥ 5 μm、≥ 2 μm)的不溶性微粒均显著性增多 (P <0 .0 1) ,且其pH也有明显变化。 结论　复方毛冬青注射液与 3种输液配伍的不溶性微粒不符合中国药典及英国药典的质量标准 ,应引起重视。建议在临床应用时可在其一次性输液器加装有效的终端滤器     

特异性鲎试剂分析甘露聚糖肽氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素

目的　考察甘露聚糖肽氯化钠注射液进行细菌内毒素检查的可行性。方法　应用普通鲎试剂及特异性鲎试剂对样品进行内毒素的定性及定量检查。结果　甘露聚糖肽氯化钠注射液经 6倍稀释后对普通鲎试剂的细菌内毒素检查有明显的干扰作用 ,而对特异性鲎试剂无干扰作用 ;以特异性鲎试剂检查 6批样品其细菌内毒素含量均小于 15 0 0EU·L-1,凝胶法和动态浊度法鲎试验均证实了这一点。结论　必须应用特异性鲎试剂检查甘露聚糖肽氯化钠注射液中的细菌内毒素以排除其干扰作用     

氯化铝对大鼠皮层神经元凋亡及bc1-2、bax基因表达的影响

目的　探讨氯化铝 (AlCl3)对大鼠皮层神经元凋亡的诱导作用及对bc1 2、bax基因表达的影响。方法　体外原代无血清培养至第 7天的大鼠皮层神经元 ,实验组的培养液中加入AlCl3(终浓度分别为 10、10 0、10 0 0 μmol L) ,对照组的培养液中加入等体积分数为 0 9%的生理盐水 ,培养 48h后 ,用原位末端标记法 (TUNEL)测定其细胞凋亡率 ;培养 2 4h后 ,用RT PCR法检测bc1 2、bax基因的表达。结果　各染铝组大鼠皮层神经元凋亡率明显升高 ,与对照组相比 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并具有明显的剂量 反应关系 ;bc1 2基因表达明显下降 ,bax基因表达明显升高 ,bc1 2 bax逐渐下降 ,与对照组相比 ,差异有显著性 ,也具有明显的剂量 反应关系。相关分析表明 ,大鼠皮层神经元凋亡率与bc1 2基因表达呈负相关 ,与bax基因表达呈正相关 ,而与bc1 2 bax呈负相关 (P <0 0 1)。结论　铝可以诱导大鼠皮层神经元凋亡 ,其机制可能与bc1 2基因表达下调 ,bax基因表达上调以及bc1 2 bax下降有关。     

氯化镉诱发16HBE细胞系恶性转化过程中TIF3 p36的变化

目的 探讨氯化镉诱发人支气管上皮细胞（16HBE）恶性转化过程中不同阶段蛋白翻译起始因子（TIF3）p36 mRNA表达水平的变化,为进一步阐明氯化镉的分子致癌机制提供线索.方法 应用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）技术,以及敏感先进的Taqman荧光定量PCR方法,检测并分析氯化镉诱发16HBE恶性转化不同阶段即转化期间细胞、转化细胞和成瘤细胞的TIF3 p36 mRNA表达量的变化.结果 相对于非转化对照细胞（16HBE）,氯化镉诱发恶性转化不同阶段细胞（转化期间细胞、转化细胞和成瘤细胞）的TIF3 p36 mRNA基因表达水平均明显升高（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）,其中低剂量组（5 μmol/L）所转化的各阶段细胞的eIF3 p36 mRNA平均表达量分别是对照细胞的3.1、5.9和9.9倍,中剂量组（10 μmol/L）的各阶段转化细胞的TIF3平均表达量分别是对照细胞的7.1、6.8和14.8倍,高剂量组（15 μmol/L）的各阶段转化细胞的TIF3 p36平均表达量分别是对照细胞的3.6、3.0和9.1倍.这些不同剂量组的研究结果提示,eIF3 p36的异常表达量与氯化镉诱发16HBE细胞恶变程度之间有正相关关系,但与镉的剂量无关.结论 氯化镉在诱发16HBE细胞恶变过程中,存在明显的蛋白翻译启动因子eIF3 p36异常表达现象,其表达水平与细胞的恶变程度密切相关,这可能是氯化镉诱发人细胞肿瘤的重要分子致癌机制之一.     

氯化镉对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721抑制作用

目的 研究氯化镉（CdCl2）对人肝癌细胞（SMMC-7721）的抑制作用并探讨其作用机制。方法应用生长曲线法、四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝法（MTT）、流式细胞术（FCM）检测CdCl2对SMMC-7721的生长抑制及对细胞周期的影响。结果CdCl2对肝癌细胞SMMC-7721有明显的生长抑制作用，且存在剂量-效应关系；影响细胞周期进程并出现G0／G1期阻滞。结论CdCl2能有效抑制肝癌细胞株的生长，其抑制作用可能与影响细胞周期进程有关。     

盐酸克林霉素氯化钠注射液中细菌内毒素定量检查(动态浊度法)方法的研究

应用动态浊度法鲎试验定量测定盐酸克林霉素氯化钠注射液中细菌内毒素含量.通过对样品进行干扰预试验,筛选出盐酸克林霉素氯化钠注射液最佳的检测浓度0.75mg·ml-1,进行正式干扰试验.样品中定量添加内毒素,10.00、1.00、0.10、0.01EU·ml-1,回收率为50%～200%,可用于有效的日常检查.