Assessment of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity properties of Uvaria chamae P. Beauv (Annonaceae) and Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) in mice

The toxicity profile of medicinal plants is an important preclinical requirement in the development of phytomedicines. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the leaf of Uvaria chamae P. Beauv (Annonaceae) and stem bark of Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) were investigated in order to provide information on their safety as antimalarial plants. The methanol extract of U. chamae and ethanol (70%) extract of M. lucida were separately orally administered (125, 250, and 750?mg/kg/day) to mice for 10 consecutive days. Cyclophosphamide (50?mg/kg, single dose) and distilled water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The mice were injected with colchicine (0.04%) intra-peritoneally 24?h after the last administration of the extracts and the bone marrows harvested. Giemsa-stained slides of bone marrow cells were microscopically assessed for dividing cells to determine the mitotic index (MI) and scored for chromosomal aberrations (CA) according to standard methods. chamae exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. At 750?mg/kg, the MI was significantly (p?cyclophosphamide (5.83?±?0.04). The lower the MI, the higher the cytotoxicity. The activity of M. lucida was not significantly different (p?>?0.05) from that of the negative control. The total CA observed from treatment with both plants at all doses were significantly (p?U. chamae showed both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity while M. lucida exerted only genotoxic effect. Nevertheless, the two plants should be used with caution in antimalarial therapy.     

环磷酰胺导致的系统性红斑狼疮女性患者卵巢功能受损及闭经情况的分析

目的 分析环磷酰胺(CTX)导致系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)女性患者卵巢功能受损及闭经情况.方法 取2013年10月-2015年10月在该院治疗的SLE女性患者98例,均接受CTX治疗,观察患者卵巢功能受损及闭经发生的情况.结果 98例患者中有51.02%出现卵巢功能受损,出现闭经者18.37%;患者治疗后雌二醇(E2)为(19.33 ±1.54)ng· L-1,明显较治疗前降低(P<0.05);患者治疗后血清促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、补体C3和补体C4分别为(21.50 ±2.41)IU· L-1、(0.60 ±0.15)g· L-1和(0.16 ±0.10)g· L-1,明显高于治疗前(P<0.05);>30~40岁组和>20~30岁组卵巢功能受损发生率分别为72.22%和52.38%,明显高于15~20岁组(P<0.05);>30~40岁组闭经发生率为38.89%,明显高于>20~30岁组和15~20岁组(P<0.05);>30~40岁组出现卵巢功能受损和闭经时CTX累积剂量分别为(14.30 ±0.83)g和(20.34 ±1.43)g,明显低于>20~30组(P<0.05).结论 CTX治疗SLE对卵巢功能有一定的损害作用,卵巢功能受损发生与患者年龄有一定关系,年龄大的患者出现卵巢功能受损时CTX累积剂量较低.     

Approaches and considerations for the assessment of immunotoxicity for environmental chemicals: A workshop summary

As experience is gained with toxicology testing and as new assays and technologies are developed, it is critical for stakeholders to discuss opportunities to advance our overall testing strategies. To facilitate these discussions, a workshop on practices for assessing immunotoxicity for environmental chemicals was held with the goal of sharing perspectives on immunotoxicity testing strategies and experiences, developmental immunotoxicity (DIT), and integrated and alternative approaches to immunotoxicity testing. Experiences across the chemical and pharmaceutical industries suggested that standard toxicity studies, combined with triggered-based testing approaches, represent an effective and efficient approach to evaluate immunotoxic potential. Additionally, discussions on study design, critical windows, and new guideline approaches and experiences identified important factors to consider before initiating DIT evaluations including assay choice and timing and the impact of existing adult data. Participants agreed that integrating endpoints into standard repeat-dose studies should be considered for fulfilling any immunotoxicity testing requirements, while also maximizing information and reducing animal use. Participants also acknowledged that in vitro evaluation of immunosuppression is complex and may require the use of multiple assays that are still being developed. These workshop discussions should contribute to developing an effective but more resource and animal efficient approach for evaluating chemical immunotoxicity.     

前瞻性比较普乐可复与环磷酰胺诱导治疗Ⅴ型伴Ⅳ型狼疮性肾炎的疗效

目的前瞻性比较普乐可复(FK506)与环磷酰胺(CTX)联合激素诱导治疗Ⅴ型合并Ⅳ型(Ⅴ+Ⅳ型)狼疮性肾炎LN)的临床疗效.方法经肾活检诊断为Ⅴ+Ⅳ型活动性、女性LN患者37例,平均年龄(30.0±9.8)岁,尿蛋白定量≥2.0 g/d,血清白蛋白＜3.0 g/dl,随机分为两组,分别给予口服FK506[FK506组,n=19,起始剂量0.1mg/(kg·d)]或CTX静脉冲击治疗(CTX组,n=18)(0.5～1.0g/m2 BSA,1/月×6月),同时口服泼尼松[起始剂量0.6 mg/(kg·d)],其中17例接受甲基泼尼松龙静脉冲击治疗.主要评价指标为治疗6个月完全缓解率(CR,定义为尿蛋白定量＜0.4 g/24h,尿红细胞正常范围,无管型尿及白细胞尿,血清白蛋白≥3.5 g/dl,SCr正常或上升不超过正常范围15%,无肾外狼疮活动),次要观察指标为治疗6个月部分缓解率(PR)和有效率(CR+PR).结果(1)临床疗效有31例患者完成6个月诱导期治疗,其中FK506组15例,CTX组16例;6例退出治疗,CTX组2例,FK506组4例.FK506组4例患者获得CR(26.7%),10例患者PR(66.7%),而CTX组仅1例CR(6.3%)、7例PR(43.8%).FK506组治疗有效率明显高于CTX组(93.3% vs 50%,P=0.015).两组患者治疗后SLE-DAI、血清白蛋白、补体较前有显著改善,但血尿及抗dsDNA抗体的阳性率无明显改变;FK506组平均尿蛋白较治疗前显著减少,而CTX组较治疗前无明显下降;(2)FK506剂量浓度与不良反应FK506诱导治疗剂量在0.086～0.091 mg/(kg·d),平均谷浓度水平为6.6～8.1 ng/ml.4例获得CR的患者FK506浓度在6.9～10.2 ng/ml,10例PR患者血药浓度平均为(8.1±3.3)ng/ml.在此剂量下治疗6个月,未见肾小管间质损害.FK506组不良反应的发生率(肝酶升高、上消化道不适、白细胞减少、感染、脱发、月经紊乱等)低于CTX组,尤其是月经紊乱的发生率显著低于CTX组(5.6% vs 38.9%,P=0.041);虽然血压升高、糖代谢异常等并发症高于CTX组,但两组间无统计学差异.结论FK506诱导治疗Ⅴ型合并Ⅳ型病变的LN疗效明显优于CTX治疗,不良反应小.     

霉酚酸酯与环磷酰胺治疗重症过敏紫癜性肾炎的疗效比较

目的:比较霉酚酸酯(MMF)与间断环磷酰胺(CTX)静脉冲击疗法治疗重症过敏紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)的临床疗效。方法:39例重症HSPN患者,分别采用激素联合MMF治疗(MMF组,n=21),或采用激素联合CTX间断静脉冲击治疗(CTX组,n=18)。MMF剂量1.5或2g/d,诱导疗程均≥6个月;CTX剂量为0.6～0.75g/m2·体表面积,每月静脉滴注一次,6个月后改为每3个月一次。两组患者基础病情无差异。MMF组失访1例,CTX组失访4例,退出2例。其余患者随访时间≥12个月。疗效指标包括完全缓解、部分缓解、蛋白尿和血尿缓解及复发率。比较观察两组治疗的临床疗效和副作用。结果:①临床缓解率:治疗6、9和12个月时完全缓解率MMF组高于CTX组,分别为25%vs8.3%、40%vs25%和55%vs25%(P>0.05)。部分缓解率两组相近,分别为40%vs50%、45%vs33.3%和40%vs33.3%(P>0.05)。总缓解率分别为65%vs58.3%、85%vs58.3%和95%vs58.3%(P>0.05)。②尿蛋白变化:MMF组尿蛋白缓解率高于CTX组,治疗6个月和12个月时两组完全缓解率分别为45%vs16.7%(P>0.05)和70%vs25%(P<0.05)。③尿红细胞变化:MMF组治疗6个月时血尿缓解率高于CTX组(45%vs16.7%),12个月时两组相近(65%vs66.7%)。④肾功能:MMF组6例治疗初有肾功能不全,5例治疗3个月降至正常;1例6个月降至正常。CTX组4例治疗3个月降至正常。随访末两组SCr均正常。⑤副作用:MMF组并发带状疱疹和上呼吸道感染各1例。CTX组2例明显消化道症状,各有1例并发带状疱疹、细菌性肺炎、白细胞下降、肝酶升高、脱发。1例因副作用严重而退出。⑥复发:MMF组2例(10.5%),CTX组5例(41.7%)。结论:激素联合MMF治疗重症HSPN缓解率高于CTX静脉冲击疗法,能更有效降低蛋白尿和血尿。MMF副作用发生率和复发率均低于CTX疗法。     

槐白皮水提物对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫作用

目的 探讨槐白皮水提物对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法 昆明小鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,香菇多糖组和槐白皮水提物低、中、高剂量组,除正常组外,其余各组连续3 d腹腔注射环磷酰胺复制免疫抑制模型。造模后连续灌胃给药14 d,血细胞计数仪测定小鼠外周血白细胞数目、称量并计算免疫器官系数、MTT法测定脾淋巴细胞增殖和NK细胞活性,ELISA检测血清IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平。结果 槐白皮水提物中、高剂量组明显提高免疫抑制小鼠的外周血白细胞水平和免疫器官系数,显著增加LPS诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖,显著增强脾NK细胞活性,提高免疫抑制小鼠血清IL-2、IFN-γ水平;槐白皮水提物高剂量组明显提高ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖,显著提高免疫抑制小鼠血清TNF-α水平。结论 槐白皮水提物可以提高免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能。     

Symptomatic hyponatremia induced by low-dose cyclophosphamide in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report

Rationale:Cyclophosphamide (CY) is an alkylating agent used widely to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases. Hyponatremia is a common adverse effect of high-dose and moderate-dose of intravenous CY, but is rare in patients treated with low-dose (<15 mg/kg).Patient concerns:A 52-year-old woman with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was treated with low-dose cyclophosphamide (8 mg/kg, CY), but showed sudden headaches, disorientation and weakness. Laboratory examinations revealed severe isovolumic hyponatremia along with low-serum osmolality and high urine osmolality.Diagnosis:The acute hyponatremia was consistent with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and was an adverse event of low-dose CY, with no evidence of endocrine, cancer, pulmonary, or cerebral abnormalities relevant to the SIADH.Intervention:The hyponatremia was resolved after the supplementation of NaCl solution.Outcomes:The hyponatremia was resolved without any complications.Lessons:Hyponatremia induced by low-dose CY should be recognized as an underlying life-threatening complication in clinical practice.     

Crystallization of Cyclophosphamide Monohydrate During Lyophilization

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phase behavior of cyclophosphamide (CPA) during various stages of lyophilization, with special emphasis on obtaining crystalline CPA monohydrate (CPA-MH) in the lyophilized product. Subambient differential scanning calorimetry and low-temperature X-ray diffractometry (LTXRD) were used to study the phase behavior of CPA solution (3.7% w/v). In situ lyophilization in LTXRD chamber was used to monitor the phase transitions occurring during the drying stages. Finally, the implications of these findings were confirmed by freeze-drying the aqueous solution in a laboratory-scale freeze-dryer. The results suggested that CPA remains amorphous during freeze concentration, with a T_g' of ?50°C. However, its crystallization as CPA-MH can be induced by annealing the frozen solution between ?5°C and ?10°C. In situ lyophilization in LTXRD showed that the CPA-MH crystallized during annealing, rapidly dehydrated during primary drying, thereby causing structural collapse. The dehydration of CPA-MH can be prevented by lowering the escaping tendency of water molecules from the crystal lattice of CPA-MH by maintaining the chamber pressure to 300, 400, or 500 mTorr. This study highlights the relationship of process parameters used during lyophilization with the solid form of lyophilized CPA.     

重组人成骨生长肽对化疗小鼠白细胞减少的影响

目的 研究重组人成骨生长肽(rhOGP)对环磷酰胺(Cy)化疗损伤小鼠白细胞减少的影响;观察rhOGP对人肺腺癌Anip细胞和人胃癌SGC-7901细胞增殖的影响.方法 用Cy腹腔注射每日100mg/kg,连续3d,造成小鼠的化疗损伤模型.拮抗实验中,分别给予低、高剂量的rhOGP,连续13d,采用皮下注射给药途径,于第0d、第4d(Cy造模后)、第9d、第14d检测外周血白细胞(WBC)数变化.预防实验中,分别给予rhOGP、DTT与生理盐水,连续10d,并于第8、9、10d同时给予Cy,分别于实验前、实验后记取外周血WBC数.利用MTT法和细胞生长曲线观察rhOGP对人肺腺癌Anip细胞和人胃癌SGC-7901细胞增殖的影响.结果 rhOGP能促进Cy损伤小鼠WBC数的恢复,高、低剂量组间略有差异.rhOGP能明显降低Cy损伤小鼠外周血白细胞减少的幅度.rhOGP对人肺腺癌Anip细胞及人胃癌SGC-7901细胞的增殖无明显促进作用.结论 rhOGP可促进Cy损伤小鼠外周血白细胞的恢复,rhOGP对Cy化疗小鼠白细胞数减少有预防作用,且对人肺腺癌Anip细胞和人胃癌SGC-7901细胞的增殖无促进作用,提示rhOGP作为肿瘤治疗辅助用药的潜在价值.     

Sequential therapy with cyclophosphamide and mycophenolic acid in patients with progressive immunoglobulin A nephropathy: a long‐term follow‐up

In progressive immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy (IgAN), cyclophosphamide pulse therapy (CyP), high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) have been used to stop progressive loss of renal function, but disease progression may occur after the end of the initial treatment. Here, we report the long‐term follow‐up of patients with progressive IgAN with MPA as maintenance therapy after CyP (CyP‐MPA). In a median observation time of 6·2 years, we analysed the slopes of the loss of renal function of 47 patients with biopsy‐proven IgAN and treated with CyP. Thirty‐one patients with further progression were treated with MPA maintenance for a median time of 5·2 years. Follow‐up was compared with symptomatic therapy and IVIg as historically matched control groups. Median loss of renal function was reduced significantly from 0·9 ml/min to 0·1 ml/min per month with CyP (P < 0·05), and with MPA in patients with a relapse from ?0·4 ml/min to ?0·1 ml/min per month (P < 0·05) until the end of the study. Proteinuria decreased significantly from 1·6 g/l to 1·0 g/l after CyP, and during MPA treatment to 0·6 g/l (P = 0·001 Friedman test). Median renal survival time was in patients with CyP 10·5 years (range = 3·2–17·8), with CyP‐MPA 10·7 years (range = 8·3–13·1), with IVIg 4·7 years (range = 2·6–6·6), and in untreated patients 1·2 years (range = 0·8–1·6; log‐rank test P < 0·01). In patients with progressive IgAN, our long‐term follow‐up observation indicates that sequential CyP‐MPA therapy maintains renal survival significantly.