The impact of modified mania assessment scale (MAS-M) implementation on the use of mechanical restraint in psychiatric units

Abstract

Background and aim: During recent years, there has been an increased focus on reducing use of mechanical restraint in psychiatric care. Studies show that implementing an assessment tool could potentially prevent or decrease the number of episodes of mechanical restraint. This study aims to examine the association between use of the Danish assessment tool for psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with mania (MAS-M) and mechanical restraint to highlight if number, type, and duration of restraint could be prevented or reduced by this procedure.

Materials and method: This historical cohort study included psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and hospitalized with symptoms of mania at the departments of affective disorders during the years 2012–2015. Logistic regression was used in the statistical analyses.

Result: A total of 218 patients were included, 74 of whom were scored with MAS-M. Thirty-five episodes of mechanical restraint were recorded. A crude OR of 1.58 (95% CI: 0.75–3.30) of the association was estimated. The study showed a tendency toward patients scored with MAS-M being more frequently restrained with both belt and straps, however, in shorter duration, compared to the control group.

Conclusion: This study reported relevant clinical information concerning staff’s use of MAS-M, however, did not show a significant association between the use of MAS-M and mechanical restraint. Nevertheless, conflicting results about the impact of MAS-M on preventing and reducing these coercive measures have been highlighted, suggesting that more complex factors influence the use of mechanical restraint. No causal effect was examined thus further studies are needed.     

Role of glutathione in neuroprotective effects of mood stabilizing drugs lithium and valproate

Mood stabilizing drugs lithium and valproate are the most commonly used treatments for bipolar disorder. Previous studies in our laboratory indicate that chronic treatment with lithium and valproate inhibits oxidative damage in primary cultured rat cerebral cortical cells. Glutathione, as the major antioxidant in the brain, plays a key role in defending against oxidative damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of glutathione in the neuroprotective effects of lithium and valproate against oxidative damage. We found that chronic treatment with lithium and valproate inhibited reactive oxygen metabolite H(2)O(2)-induced cell death in primary cultured rat cerebral cortical cells, while buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione rate-limiting synthesis enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase, reduced the neuroprotective effect of lithium and valproate against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death. Further, we found that chronic treatment with lithium and valproate increased glutathione levels in primary cultured rat cerebral cortical cells and that the effects of lithium and valproate on glutathione levels were dose-dependent in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Chronic treatment with lithium and valproate also increased the expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase in both rat cerebral cortical cells and SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, chronic treatment with other mood stabilizing drugs lamotrigine and carbamazepine, but not antidepressants desipramine and fluoxetine, increased both glutathione levels and the expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase in SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that glutathione plays an important role in the neuroprotective effects of lithium and valproate, and that glutathione may be a common target for mood stabilizing drugs.     

Comparison of the Addition of Siberian Ginseng (Acanthopanax senticosus) Versus Fluoxetine to Lithium for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common, recurrent, and often life-long major psychiatric condition characterized by manic, depressive, and mixed episodes. Without treatment, there is substantial risk for morbidity and mortality, making BD a considerable public health problem.Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness and tolerability of Acanthopanax senficosus (A senficosus)—an herb that is derived from eleutherosides and polysaccharides found in the plant''s root— versus fluoxetine added to lithium in the treatment of BD in adolescents.Methods: This was a double-blind, 6-week study. The patients were randomized into 2 treatment groups—A senticosus plus lithium (A senticosus group) and fluoxetine plus lithium (fluoxetine group). The patients underwent a baseline assessment using the 17-Item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) during the screening period. Patients were scheduled for clinical visits at the end of weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6. At the end of the 6-week treatment period, each patient''s condition was rated as follows: response (indicating an improvement of ≥50% in the HAMD-17 score from baseline); remission (a HAMD-17 score of ⪯7); and switching to mania (a YMRS score >16, and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fourth Edition, Text Revision] for a manic episode). At each visit (with the exception of the enrollment visit), the patients were queried as to whether they experienced any health problems since the previous visit, a Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale assessment was completed, and the serum lithium concentration was analyzed. The patients were instructed to report adverse events (AEs) at any time during the study. AEs were also observed by the investigator(s) at clinical visits.Results: Seventy-nine Chinese adolescents were initially enrolled into the study. However, 76 adolescents were assessed for inclusion (45 females, 31 males; mean [SD] age, 15.4 [30.0] years; age range, 12–17 years) in the study. All included patients completed the study.After 6 weeks of treatment, the response rate between the A senticosus and the fluoxetine groups was similar (67.6% vs 71.8%, respectively). The remission rate between both groups was also similar (51.4% vs 48.7%). Analyzed by a general line model, the HAMD-17 scores revealed there was a significant time effect (F = 183.06; P < 0.01), but not a significant group effect (F = 0.99) or group-by-duration of treatment interaction (F = 0.779). Three patients in the fluoxetine group experienced switching to mania compared with no patient in the A senticosus group. AEs reported by patients in the A senticosus group were as follows: nausea, 2 (5.4%); rash, 1 (2.7%); and diarrhea, 1 (2.7%). AEs reported by patients in the fluoxetine group were as follows: nausea, 4 (10.3%); anxiety, 3 (7.7%); insomnia, 3 (7.7%); constipation, 1 (2.6%); and tinnitus, 1 (2.6%).Conclusion: Our study found no significant difference in these adolescents with BD treated with lithium plus adjunctive A senticosus or fluoxetine. All treatments were generally well tolerated.Key words: Acanthopanax senticosus, bipolar disorder, adolescent, fluoxetine     

不同体位对经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术患者术中冲洗液吸收的影响

目的:观察头低足高截石体位(LP)对接受经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术(PKRP)患者术中冲洗液吸收的影响。方法:80例BPH患者,择期在腰硬联合麻醉下行PKRP术,随机分为两组,每组40例:0°LP组,常规截石体位,手术床保持水平;-10°LP组,常规截石体位,手术床头低足高倾斜10°。采用含1%乙醇的生理盐水溶液作为术中冲洗液。手术开始即刻,以及随后每10 min应用数字乙醇检测仪对患者呼出气中乙醇浓度进行测试并记录。同时记录两组手术时间,手术期间静脉输注晶体及胶体液量和切除前列腺组织的重量。监测并记录患者的平均动脉血压(MAP)和心率(HR),比较两组患者手术开始前5 min,开始后30 min,手术结束时的MAP和HR。通过动脉血气分析,测定手术开始前、开始后1 h动脉血Na^+、K^+、Cl^-、Ca^2+浓度。结果:两组患者年龄、身高、体重、前列腺体积等无显著差异,术中各时间点MAP和HR亦无显著差异。与术前5 min相比,0°LP组患者手术开始后1 h测得K^+及Ca^2+浓度显著低于术前水平[K^+:(3.49±0.33)mmol/L vs(3.64±0.29)mmol/L,P=0.002;Ca^2+:(1.13±0.04)mmol/L vs(1.16±003)mmol/L,P=0.001],Cl-浓度显著高于术前水平[(108.7±2.3)mmol/L vs(106.9±2.2)mmol/L,P=0.006],而Na^+浓度无明显变化[(139.4±1.6)mmol/L vs(139.7±1.5)mmol/L,P=0.231]。-10°LP组患者Ca^2+浓度低于术前[(1.13±0.04)mmol/L vs(1.14±0.04)mmol/L,P=0.016],Na^+[(140.0±2.0)mmol/L vs(140.3±1.8)mmol/L,P=0.156]、K+[(3.47±0.34)mmol/L vs(3.49±0.36)mmol/L,P=0.506]及Cl^-[(109.1±2.5)mmol/L vs(108.2±2.6)mmol/L,P=0.071]浓度均无明显变化。0°LP组有6例患者(15%),-10°LP组有4例(10%)患者术中冲洗液吸收量>1500 ml,两组比较无统计学差异。结论:头低足高倾斜10°截石位,显著减轻PKRP手术导致的K^+降低,Cl^-升高,但不影响其他电解质变化。     

Surgical outcome of anatomical endoscopic enucleation of the prostate: A systemic review and meta-analysis

An increasing number of evidences demonstrate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP) using various energy devices. We performed a systemic literature search for all relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any EEP technique with TURP or open prostatectomy (OP). A total of 21 RCTs with 2,957 patients were included; the majority were studies of holmium laser or bipolar diathermy. Compared to TURP, EEP resulted in greater improvement in IPSS (MD: −0.56, 95% CI: −0.90 to −0.23), PVR (MD: −2.24, 95% CI: −4.45 to −0.03) and Qmax (MD: −1.07, 95% CI: −1.53 to −0.61). EEP was associated with more prostate tissue removed (MD: −9.73, 95% CI: −15.71 to −3.75), less haemoglobin loss (MD: −0.47, 95% CI: −0.70 to −0.23), shorter catheterisation time (MD: −22.82, 95% CI: −30.11 to −15.52) and shorter length of hospitalisation (MD: −1.05, 95% CI: −1.33 to −0.78). Compared to OP, EEP resulted in equivalent functional outcomes. However, EEP was associated with less haemoglobin loss (MD: −1.17, 95% CI: −1.98 to −0.37), shorter catheterisation time (MD: −89.74, 95% CI: −112.60 to −66.88) and shorter length of hospitalisation (MD: −3.91, 95% CI: −4.63 to −3.60). The current evidence supports that EEP can be considered as a new standard of the surgical management for BPH.     

伴混合特征的重性抑郁障碍应当归类于双相障碍吗?(英文)

概述:DSM-5抑郁障碍一章中有一新的诊断类别为"伴混合特征的重性抑郁障碍",指的是符合重性抑郁障碍的诊断标准并伴有亚综合征的轻躁狂或躁狂症状的患者。但是这一新类别的操作定义相比较于非典型抑郁症或过去"混合性抑郁症"的定义更加接近于轻躁狂和躁狂症。而且,多项研究表明,这类患者的特征和他们疾病的临床转归更接近于双相障碍患者,而不同于不伴有轻躁狂或躁狂症状的抑郁症患者。因此,我们认为,将这种情况归类于DSM-5的双相障碍更为恰当。我们还认为,这种抑郁障碍–双相障碍之间的界线模糊不清是产生重性抑郁障碍诊断信度低的原因之一。     

The McGill Geriatric Lithium-Induced Diabetes Insipidus Clinical Study (McGLIDICS)

Objective:

Despite being a common and potentially serious condition, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) remains poorly understood in older lithium users. Our main objective was to compare the prevalence of NDI symptoms and decreased urine osmolality ([UOsm] < 300 milli-Osmoles [mOsm/kg]) among geriatric and adult lithium users. We also assessed NDI symptoms, serum sodium (Na+), and urine specific gravity (USG) as possible surrogate measures of decreased UOsm, and ascertained whether potential etiologic factors independently correlated with decreased UOsm.

Method:

This was a cross-sectional study of 100 consecutive outpatients treated with lithium from 6 tertiary care clinics, of which 45 were geriatric (aged 65 years and older) and 55 adult (aged 18 to 64 years). Patients completed a symptom questionnaire and underwent laboratory tests, including UOsm, serum Na+, and USG.

Results:

Geriatric and adult lithium users had similar rates of decreased UOsm (12.5%, compared with 17.9%, P = 0.74), but geriatric patients reported less symptoms (P < 0.05). Although UOsm did not correlate with symptoms or current serum Na+, USG of less than 1.010 was suggestive of UOsm of less than 300 mOsm/kg. Age, lithium duration, and serum lithium level were independently associated with UOsm.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of decreased UOsm is similar in geriatric and adult lithium users, but older patients are less likely to report urinary and thirst symptoms. Although subjective symptoms do not correlate with UOsm, USG may be a cost-efficient clinical surrogate measure for UOsm. We suggest clinicians increase their vigilance for decreased UOsm, especially in lithium users with advanced age, longer duration of lithium exposure, and higher lithium levels. This may potentially prevent lithium intoxication, falls, hypernatremic events, and renal dysfunction.