性病门诊就诊者艾滋病知识及高危行为调查

目的 了解性病门诊就诊者艾滋病相关知识和高危行为状况.方法 对971例性病门诊就诊者的一般情况、艾滋病相关知识、高危行为及其干预进行调查分析.结果 研究对象的艾滋病相关知识总体知晓率为52.52%.文化程度较高者掌握情况较好;艾滋病知识来源以大众传媒宣传为主,由医生告知较少.有260人(26.78%)最近3个月内发生过商业性性行为,仅有10.85%的人每次都使用安全套.有333人(34.29%)最近3个月与临时性伴发生过性关系,仅有9.91%的人每次都使用安全套.研究对象接受各项干预服务率较低.结论 性病门诊就诊者中存在着艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染的危险因素,艾滋病相关知识知晓水平有待提高,安全套使用比例相对较低.     

The Miami,Florida, Young Men’s Survey: HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among urban young men who have sex with men who have ever runaway

Youth in urban areas with a history of running away from home often have special needs. Importantly, risk factors for HIV/AIDS might be associated with such a history. We assessed the association between having a history of running away from home and the occurrence of HIV infection and risk behavior among young men who have sex with men (YMSM), aged 15–22 years. A cross-sectional epidemiologic and behavioral survey was conducted between 1995 and 1996 in Miami, Florida, as part of a national Young Men’s Survey. Of 488 YMSM, the prevalence of HIV infection among those with a history of running away from home was 10.5% (adjusted odds ratio=3.4; 95% Cl 1.5–7.8). YMSM who had ever run away were more likely to be HIV infected, be out of school, and have ever had vaginal or anal sex with females, been forced to have sex, injected drugs, and used needles for self-tattooing or body piercing. The prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk behaviors among runaways was high, highlighting the ongoing need for prevention and social support services for youth with a history of running away from home.     

Effectiveness of the male latex condom: combined results for three popular condom brands used as controls in randomized clinical trials

BACKGROUND: Although public health programs invest heavily in the male latex condom, its efficacy in preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease has been based primarily on in vitro and retrospective studies. METHODS: We combine the results from two randomized, controlled contraceptive efficacy trials that used commercial latex condoms brands (Ramses Sensitol, LifeStyles, Trojan-Enz) in the control arms. Combining data from the two studies, we obtained longitudinal data covering 3526 menstrual cycles contributed by approximately 800 couples who used latex condoms exclusively for up to six menstrual cycles. Both trials also collected 3715 detailed breakage and slippage reports from the first five study condom uses. The second trial also tested 243 postcoital vaginal samples collected after the first study condom use for the presence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and spermatazoa. RESULTS: The combined clinical breakage rate for the first five condom uses was 0.4% for the three latex brands and the combined clinical slippage rate was 1.1%. The combined six-cycle typical-use pregnancy rate for the latex condoms was 7.0% (95% confidence interval 5.0-9.0). The combined six-cycle consistent-use pregnancy rate was 1.0% (95% confidence interval 0.0-2.1). PSA was detected in only 1.2% of postcoital vaginal samples collected after the first use of an intact study condom. There were no differences in performance or efficacy among the three latex brands tested. CONCLUSIONS: The male latex condoms rarely broke or slipped off during intercourse and provided high contraceptive efficacy, especially when used consistently. Risk of semen leakage from intact condoms was very low.     

Acrosome reaction in Chlamydia-positive and negative patients

Chlamydia trachomatis infections might have a detrimental effect on various sperm functions. Data concerning the effect of C. trachomatis on the capacitation activity of sperms are lacking. The study was undertaken to evaluate whether chlamydial infection influences acromsome reaction (AR). Three groups of men were investigated for ARs -Chlamydia negative (n = 46) and positive (n = 30) patients, and healthy men (n = 53) undergoing vasectomy. The fluorescence technique for the evaluation of AR was applied. The normal range for the induction of AR was assumed DeltaAR > 12.5% for this technique. Seminal plasma was examined for IgA antibodies against C. trachomatis. There was a significant difference in AR between healthy volunteers, Chlamydia-negative and Chlamydia-positive patients. DeltaARs were 15.8 +/- 1.6% in healthy volunteers versus 12.15 +/- 2.4% in Chlamydia-negative and 9.08 +/- 1.8% in Chlamydia-postive patients, respectively (P < 0.05). Significant elevated titres of C. trachomatis-specific IgA in seminal plasma showed a negative correlation with the AR of spermatozoa. AR seems to be a valuable marker, especially in couples with idiopathic infertility.     

Host-pathogen interactions in mycoplasma pathogenesis: virulence and survival strategies of minimalist prokaryotes

Despite their very small genomes mycoplasmas are successful pathogens of man and a wide range of animal hosts. Because of the lack of effective therapeutics and vaccines, mycoplasma diseases continue to be a significant problem for public health as well as livestock production with major socio-economic consequences worldwide. Recent outbreaks and epidemiological studies predict that the incidence of human and animal mycoplasma diseases might increase which indicates the urgent need to develop new approaches for prevention and therapy. Development of such reagents, however, requires a solid understanding of the molecular biology of mycoplasma infections. Knowledge in this field has considerably increased during the past decade since new techniques have been developed and adapted to mycoplasmas that allow these organisms to be studied at the molecular level. Research on the two human pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium of which the genome sequences have recently been completed as well as the substantial number of studies carried out on the AIDS-associated mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma penetrans and Mycoplasma fermentans, has led the way, but a number of animal mycoplasmas are becoming increasingly appreciated as models for the study of the molecular basis of mycoplasma diseases. This review summarizes and highlights some of the recent findings concerning the molecular interactions that occur between pathogenic mycoplasmas and their hosts, both the common strategies as well as some unique approaches evolved by particular mycoplasma pathogens, including adherence to and uptake into non-phagocytic host cells, as well as mechanisms of escaping the host immune system.     

女性生殖道EB病毒感染及治疗

目的:探讨女性生殖道EB病毒感染情况、临床表现及治疗。方法:应用聚合酶链反应技术(PCR),对女性STD患者生殖道中EB病毒感染情况进行检测;并对单纯EB病毒感染者的临床表现进行分析;用更昔洛韦和α-2b干扰素进行对照治疗,观察疗效。结果:2500例女性STD患者的生殖道中,有465例检出EB病毒,阳性率为18.2%(465/2500);其中伴有其它STD者占75.9%(353/465),单纯EB病毒感染者占24.1%(112/465),单纯EB病毒感染者均有不同程度的临床表现,64.3%(72/112)出现类似于非淋菌性尿道炎-宫颈炎(NGU)症状,25.0%(28/112)出现类似于生殖器疮疱(GH)症状,亦有10.7%(12/112)同时出现类似NGU和类似GH症状,4例伴有不孕症。更昔洛韦和α-2b干扰素治疗女性生殖道EB病毒感染均有一定效果,但疗效有限。结论:EB病毒有可能成为影响女性生殖道健康的又一重要病因,应引起高度重视;其临床表现缺乏特异性,注意鉴别诊断;治疗方法尚急需进一步探索。     

STD/STI患者艾滋病防治健康教育效果比较

目的了解极高危人群STD/STI患者对艾滋病相关知识的掌握情况,评价艾滋病宣传教育的效果,探讨艾滋病宣传教育工作所能发挥的作用,为艾滋病防控提供理论依据。方法采用横断面调查、追踪调查相结合的方式,分析STD/STI患者干预前后艾滋病相关知识知晓率及其行为和态度的改变情况。结果干预后调查对象对艾滋病的含义、传播途径及预防措施有了更加正确的认识(P均<0.01),78.9%的人对安全套的使用形成正确认识(P<0.01),62.7%的人认为对艾滋病患者或艾滋病毒感染者应持关心的态度(P<0.01)。结论正确的干预活动可提高极高危人群STD/STI患者对艾滋病防治措施的认识及自我保护意识,从而降低艾滋病的发病率。     

公共场所从业人员性病、艾滋病知识需求调查

目的了解深圳市公共场所从业人员性病、艾滋病相关知识需求。探讨现阶段对公共场所从业人员性病艾滋病干预的有效措施。方法采用整群抽样方法，对公共场所从业人员进行问卷调查。结果一年中，公共场所从业人员有13．3％去过条件差的诊所注射，7．7％会去条件差的诊所拔牙；1101人（93．7％）生殖器官出现症状时会主动去正规医院就医；5．4％的人报告得过性病；34．6％的人愿意接受免费的安全套；31．9％的人想学习安全套使用的技巧；约80％的女性调查对象愿意每年进行一次妇科保健检查。结论健康教育和干预应具体化、生活化，使教育对象在日常生活中采取艾滋病（AIDS）预防措施。分析不能实行相关健康行为的主要原因：（1）受经济条件限制；（2）未掌握实行技巧。提示行为干预应注重技巧的培训，同时考虑目标人群的经济水平，为其创造相应的条件。     

上海市某区女性流动人口对性病艾滋病卫生服务利用的现状调查

目的研究女性流动人口对与性病艾滋病相关的卫生服务需求/需要和利用的现状。方法对696名到上海市某区疾病预防控制中心参加健康体检的外来女性进行问卷调查。结果有92人能够全部答对生殖感染6种常见症状,82人能够全部答对7种常见危害。有43.7%的人报告近3个月内出现至少一种生殖道感染的常见症状;43.5%有应就诊未就诊经历;60.3%被动接受过宣传教育;381名近3个月有性生活者中49.9%从不用避孕套,其中52.6%报告近3个月有生殖道感染症状;93.2%为自费医疗;78%认为需要了解上海市针对外来人员推出的医疗保障政策;89.9%不知道从何途径了解相关医保政策。结论外来女性对与性病艾滋病相关的卫生服务有高需求,但卫生服务利用率不高。     

克拉玛依市545例性病门诊患者资料分析

[目的]了解性病流行特点及治疗情况。[方法]对2000~2006年在克拉玛依市疾病预防控制中心和市人民医院皮肤科门诊治疗的545例性病确诊患者资料进行分析。[结果]545例患者中,男性占68.99%,20~39岁占76.33%,非婚性接触感染占76.33%。545例患者的总有效率为94.32%,其中淋病有效率为100.00%。[结论]性病门诊患者中男性青年居多,目前使用的性病药物治疗效果较好。