Direct estimation of the frequency of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their precursors following in vitro allosensitization

Cell mediated lympholysis (CML) has been proposed as an in vitro model of the rejection process that results from transplantation of allogeneic tissue. To date, the absolute frequencies of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and their precursors (CTL.P) have not been directly estimated in man because of technical difficulties. Through optimizing the conditions for radiometric detection of 51Cr release and the attendant improvement in CML sensitivity, direct CTL frequency estimates have been determined in peripheral blood (PBL), spleen (SPL), and lymph nodes (LNC) after in vitro allostimulation using unrelated human cells and limiting dilution assays. The mean frequency of CTL generated from PBL is 1 in 826 cells (0.121% +/- 0.101%) which, from preliminary experiments, is significantly greater than that generated from either LNC or SPL (p less than 0.05). With restimulation of primed cells on day 10, the frequency of CTL generated from PBL was increased 400%. The CTL.P frequency (0.0064% +/- 0.0050%) was approximately 5% of the corresponding CTL frequency. The CTL.P frequencies were found to be minimal estimates as both accessory "filler" cells and T cell growth factors increased the level of detection of CTL.P an average of threefold. The limiting cell dilution assay as detailed in this report should be a powerful tool for defining the cellular requirements and related factors necessary for optimal induction of a CTL response and should provide the means for determination of the immunogenetic requirements and the allospecificity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes.     

Association between HLA and Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were observed to have a statistical association with HLA-DR4, MT3. Strong association between the clinical severity of RA and HLA was also observed. Male patients had a stronger association with HLA than female patients. Males are more resistant to RA than females. This suggested that the threshold of liability for RA is higher in males than in females. Japanese patients with RA with systemic vasculitis were negative for HLA-Bw44 and had antilymphocytotoxic autoantibody, indicating that RA with systemic vasculitis is different in etiology from RA without systemic vasculitis.     

Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different pontine omnipause neurons in head-fixed cats

 Pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs) have so far been considered as forming a homogeneous group of neurons whose tonic firing stops during the duration of saccades, when the head is immobilized. In cats, they pause for the total duration of gaze shifts, when the head is free to move. In the present study, carried out on alert cats with fixed heads, we present observations made during self-initiated saccades and during tracking of a moving target which show that the OPN population is not homogeneous. Of the 76 OPNs we identified, 39 were found to have characteristics similar to those of previously described neurons, ”saccade” (S-) OPNs: (1) the durations of their pauses were significantly correlated with the durations of saccades; (2) the discharge ceased shortly before saccade onset and resumed before saccade end; (3) visual responses to target motion were excitatory; and (4) during tracking, S-OPNs interrupted the discharge for the duration of saccades and resumed firing during perisaccadic ”drifts”. However, the characteristics of 37 neurons (”complex” (C-) OPNs) were different: (1) the pause duration was not correlated with the duration of self-initiated saccades; (2) time lead of pause onsets relative to saccades was, on average, longer than in the group of S-OPNs, and firing resumed after the saccade end; (3) visual target motion suppressed tonic discharges; and (4) during tracking, firing was interrupted for the total duration of gaze shifts, including not only saccades but also perisaccadic ”drifts”. We conclude that cat OPNs can be subdivided into two main groups. The first comprises neurons whose firing patterns are compatible with gating individual saccades (”saccade” OPNs). The second group consists of ”complex” OPNs whose firing characteristics are appropriate to gate total gaze displacements rather than individual saccades. The function of these neurons may be to disinhibit pontobulbar circuits participating in the generation of saccade sequences and associated perisaccadic drifts. Received: 20 January 1998 / Accepted: 22 October 1998     

递进式目标康复护理对老年股骨颈骨折人工置换患者的临床效果

目的：探究递进式目标康复护理对老年股骨颈骨折人工置换患者术后功能恢复的影响及护理体会。方法：选取河南大学第一附属医院2018年6月至2020年8月期间收治的112例老年股骨颈骨折人工置换患者,按照手术先后顺序分为观察组和对照组,各56例。对照组患者实施常规护理,观察组患者实施递进式目标康复护理干预,比较两组患者自我效能水平、髋关节功能及日常活动能力。结果：干预后观察组患者自我效能、髋关节功能、日常活动能力评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论：递进式目标康复护理干预的应用对促进老年股骨颈骨折人工置换患者自我效能水平,提高术后髋关节功能恢复情况,改善其日常活动能力等方面均具有较高的可行性。     

基于UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS和分子对接筛选紫菀中润肠通便的效应

目的 通过UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS和分子对接技术阐明紫菀Aster tataricus中润肠通便作用的效应成分。方法 采用UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS技术分析体内肠道内容物的成分,再利用SYBYL-X 2.0与Discovery Studio 4.0分子对接软件研究肠道内容物成分与M2受体、M3受体、蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)蛋白的相互作用,明确各成分与靶标蛋白的结合强度。结果 体内肠道内容物中共鉴定出28个紫菀中的化学成分,有10个成分均可与M2受体、M3受体及PKC蛋白分子对接较好,其中astin J与3种靶标蛋白结合的平均打分值最高,这些成分均以非共价键方式与靶标蛋白结合,产生氢键、范德华力、经典作用力等相互作用。结论 紫菀中的astin J、asterin F、asterin A、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸C、绿原酸、槲皮素、山柰酚和木犀草素共10个成分可能是通过调节M受体及其下游信号通路PKC蛋白的表达发挥润肠通便的作用。     

胰腺癌精准治疗现状、挑战和未来

胰腺癌恶性程度高,总体疗效欠佳,目前采用手术、放疗和化疗为主的传统治疗方法,疗效的改善已到了瓶颈。随着基因测序和多组学研究的开展,越来越多的信号通路和可作用靶点被发现,相应的靶向和免疫治疗药物也越来越多,胰腺癌的治疗模式正在逐渐向靶向治疗方向发展,进入精准医疗时代。     

乳腺癌分子异质性与分类治疗

乳腺癌在组织学、流行病学和分子特性层面是一种高度异质性的疾病。目前,基于免疫组化的乳腺癌分类方法,根据雌激素受体、孕激素受体和人类表皮生长因子受体-2（HER-2）的检测结果将乳腺癌分为临床亚型,显然与基于基因表达谱的固有亚型分类不一致。这表现为临床亚型内治疗反应性和结果的异质性。异质性肿瘤细胞的存在直接反映了亚型内部（或肿瘤内）的异质性。乳腺癌的异质性,特别是亚克隆肿瘤细胞的异质性,决定了乳腺癌的最终治疗必须准确地针对特定的亚克隆肿瘤细胞群。对原发性和转移性乳腺癌分子特征的深入分析表明,遗传改变具有很大的异质性,分子发现有助于开发针对HER-2、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6（CDK4/6）、磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶（PI3K）或涉及BRCA突变携带者的多聚腺苷二磷酸-核糖聚合酶抑制剂和免疫治疗的新的治疗方法。     

基于网络药理学的三仙汤治疗骨质疏松症作用机制研究

目的通过网络药理学方法探讨三仙汤干预骨质疏松症(OP)的有效成分、作用靶点及信号通路等,从而明确其作用机制。方法应用中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)检索获得三仙汤中3味药物的化学成分,通过Uniprot数据库,将已筛选出的靶点名称进行标准化。通过Genecards、OMIM数据库检索骨质疏松症的相关靶基因。将药物靶点与疾病靶点取交集,筛选得到疾病-药物成分共同靶蛋白在String网站构建蛋白-蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络模型。在Cytoscape软件中绘制药物、疾病、靶基因网络图,并进行基因GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析,探讨三仙汤治疗骨质疏松症的作用机制。结果通过数据库筛选得到三仙汤的28种有效成分以及与骨质疏松症相关的靶点127个,其中蛋白激酶、白介素6、血管内皮生长因子等基因为PPI网络中的核心基因; GO富集分析显示靶点主要影响核受体活性、转录因子活性、类固醇激素受体活性、细胞因子受体结合、蛋白质异二聚活性、血红素结合等生物过程;以及影响AGE-RAGE信号通路、流体剪切应力与动脉粥样硬化通路、IL-17信号通路、前列腺癌通路、肿瘤坏死因子信号通路、乙型肝炎等信号通路。结论三仙汤中的有效成分通过关键信号通路作用于核心基因,影响细胞分化、凋亡、炎症、氧化应激等多种生物学过程发挥抗骨质疏松的作用,为其后续研究提供了科学依据。     

基于辨证论治结合网络药理学探析六味地黄丸治疗绝经后骨质疏松症作用机制

目的 基于临床试验结合网络药理学探析六味地黄丸治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的作用机制。方法 ①将60例肾阴虚证绝经后骨质疏松症患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组患者在口服维生素D和钙剂的同时,治疗组口服六味地黄丸、对照组口服雷洛昔芬,治疗6个月后测定并比较两组患者腰椎（L1～4）、右侧股骨颈骨密度值、血清骨钙素(OCN)及血清抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶-5b（TRAP-5b）水平。②依据TCMSP数据库筛选出六味地黄丸活性成分及其对应的靶点,通过GeneCards、OMIM、Drugbank 3个数据库获取绝经后骨质疏松症相关靶点,将活性成分靶点与绝经后骨质疏松症相关靶点取交集所得靶点即为六味地黄丸治疗绝经后骨质疏松症靶点。采用Cytoscape3.7.2软件构建活性成分、靶点以及蛋白间的相互作用网络,使用STRING数据库进行PPI网络分析,运用Metascape数据分析平台进行GO生物过程富集以及KEGG通路富集分析。结果 与治疗前比较两组均可提升骨密度,反映骨形成指标的OCN值明显升高,骨吸收指标的TRAP-5b值则明显降低,且治疗组优于对照组（P＜0.05）。而通过网络药理学预测显示六味地黄丸作用于绝经后骨质疏松症的活性成分有36个,位居前三位的活性成分为槲皮素、山奈酚、儿茶素,主要靶点为干扰素调节因子-1（IRF1）、抑瘤素M（OSM）、白介素6（IL-6）。GO富集分析显示,生物过程主要涉及到细胞因子介导的信号通路、细胞凋亡信号通路等;细胞组成主要包括蛋白激酶复合物、质膜蛋白复合物等;分子功能主要包括转录因子结合、核受体活性等。KEGG富集分析获取相关信号通路为JAk-STAT、Wnt及NF-κB信号通路。结论 六味地黄丸可显著增加骨密度、促进骨形成、抑制骨吸收,而其作用机制在于应用槲皮素、山奈酚、儿茶素等活性成分,以IRF1、OSM及IL-6为主要靶点,通过JAk-STAT、Wnt及NF-κB等信号通路发挥改善绝经后骨质疏松症的作用。