老年人低位硬膜外麻醉围术期自主神经功能的变化

目的：应用心率变异性（HRV）分析仪监测评估低位硬膜外麻醉围术期自主神经的改变。方法：选择低位硬膜外麻醉下择期手术患者20例,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,按年龄分为老年组和年轻组,每组10例,观察术前1d、麻醉完善后切皮前、切皮后30min、术后2h,1d,3d,7d处时相点的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）以及HRV分析各成分变化。结果：围术期老年组HRV显示RMSSD（相邻RR间期差值均方根）、总频（TP）、低频（LF）、代频标化（LFnorm)均呈显著性下降,同时伴有心率减慢、平均动脉下降。年轻组TP和LF在麻醉完善后切皮前、术后2h,1d下降显著,于术后3d恢复,而R和MAP在围术期无显著改变。两组两比较,老年组TP和LF在麻醉后各时相占 明显低于年轻组（P＜0．01）。老年组高频（HF）及高频标化（HFnorm)在麻醉给药后切皮瓣均无明显变化,但在术中和术后各时相点的下降,而年轻组仅切皮后30min,出现一过性下降。结论HRV可较好地评估围术期机体自神经变化;术期麻醉和手术创伤均可使机体自主神系统调节受损,尤其老年人受损程度大,恢复慢,恢复慢,术后1周仍不能完全恢复。     

老年人胃癌的围手术期处理

目的 探讨老年人胃癌围手术期的处理。方法 回顾性分析了１９９１年１月至１９９９年１月１３２例７０岁以上胃癌病人的外科处理。结果 老年人胃癌起病隐匿,以上腹饱胀、隐痛、梗阻及贫血为主要临床表现,绝大多数有其他合并症。根治切除７６例,姑息性切除３１例,切除率８１．１％。手术并发症发生率１９．７％,围手术期病死率５．３％。结论 对老年人胃癌,应争取早期诊断,及时治疗。除加强围手术期营养支持外,充分的术前     

老年人生活满意度与生存质量关系的探讨

目的 分析和探讨老年人生活满意度和生存质量的相互关系。方法 对福州市１０８４例年龄≥６０岁的老年人进行生活满意度和生存质量地流行病学调查,将两组数据分别采用因子分析法和典型相关分析法进行分析。结果 生活满意度与生存质量呈正相关关系;生存质量的高低主要由生活满意度来反映。结论提高生活满意度是改善生存质量的重要措施。     

76例老年人蛛网膜下腔出血的临床特点

目的 探讨老年人蛛网膜下腔出血的特点。方法 回顾分析１９８９年１月－１９９８年８月收治６０岁以上原发性蛛网膜下腔出血７６例的临床资料。结果 本组老年蛛网膜下腔出血的临床特点为：（１）头痛发生率低且程度较轻,脑膜刺激征不明显;（２）意识障碍,精神症状明显;（３）消化道出血,ＥＣＧ明显异常及血糖明显升高等并发症多见。结论 如老年人突然出现眩晕、精神异常或突发颈、臂、腰背疼痛等脊神经刺激征状时,应考虑到     

Social HMOs and Other Capitated Arrangements for Children with Special Health Care Needs

Objective: Children with special health care needs are increasingly enrolling in managed care arrangements. However, existing managed care organizations, including traditional HMOs, are often poorly suited for caring for this population. In the adult health care area, new managed care entities, called Social HMOs (S/HMO) and Programs for the All-inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), have been created to integrate health and health-related services for chronically ill and disabled adults. We describe these models and assess their potential for serving children with special health care needs. Method: We reviewed the literature on managed care for children with special health care needs and evaluation findings from the S/HMO and PACE models for the elderly. Results: Evaluations of the S/HMO and PACE models have yielded mixed findings. Some of the more positive accomplishments include lower use and expenditures for long-term care services compared to other demonstration projects, greater integration of primary care physicians in decision making concerning long-term care, and improved management of transitions between care levels. On the negative side, start-up has been slow, prospective members have been hesitant to enroll, intermittent and sometimes frequent operating deficits have emerged, no discernible positive effects on health or social outcomes are apparent, and no significant overall savings have emerged. Conclusions: With mixed results so far, caution is required in applying these or similar models for vulnerable child populations. However, given the inadequacies of traditional managed care for this population, we believe experimentation with new models of care that integrate health and health-related services is important. Such experimentation should be fostered only to the extent that the models are carefully designed and then implemented in a manner that protects the interests of children with special health care needs.     

Eligibility for reperfusion therapy and outcome in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction

Reperfusion therapy by thrombolysis or angioplasty was consideredin 260 unselected patients consecutively admitted within 6 hof the onset of Q wave myocardial infarction. Rates of reperfusionand in-hospital mortality were compared in 206 patients <70years and 54 patients 70 years. Early reperfusion was obtainedin 864% of the patients under 70 years and in 72·2% ofthose over 70 (P<0·01). Thrombolysis was more frequentlyused in the younger group (66·0% vs 31·5%, P<10^–5and primary angioplasty in the older (44·4% vs 29·6%,P<0·05). Overall in-hospital mortality was higherin the older group (22·2% vs 4·4 P<10^–5After successful reperfusion, mortality was 12·8% inthe patients over 70 and 3·9% in those under 70. Afterfailed or unproven reperfusion, mortality was 46·7% inthe patients over 70 and 7·1% in those under 70. Reperfusiontherapy is feasible in the majority of patients over 70 years,but failure to attempt or to achieve reperfusion is associatedwith a poor outcome. Although not controlled, this study providesan incentive for attempting early reperfusion therapy as oftenas possible in the elderly with acute myocardial infarction.     

高校离退休老人躯体健康与心理状况的相关性研究

目的：了解离退休老人躯体健康和心理状况的关系。方法：采用ＣＭＩ和ＳＣＬ－９０对２２５名高校离退休老人进行调查,分析两者的关系。结果：既往健康状况、神经系统疾病和躯体化成正相关;强迫与呼吸系统疾病成正相关,与心血管系统疾病成负相关;疲劳感和敌对成负相关,和睡眠饮食障碍成负相关。结论：维持老人心身健康,主要在于防治慢性疾病和神经系统疾病,以及对躯体化障碍和强迫症状的干预     

Predictors of cancer mortality in elderly subjects

Cancer mortality was analysed in 3282 elderly subjects aged 65 years from 2 cohorts of general population having different life-style patterns. They took part in the CASTEL (CArdiovascular STudy in the ELderly), a 12-year lasting prospective Italian study. The aim of the present analysis was to identify the items able to influence cancer mortality. A biochemical profile and a questionnaire on lifestyle were collected. Continuous items were averaged and compared with analysis of variance, frequencies with the Pearson's ² test. Mortality was recorded yearly for 12 years from the Registrar's Office and causes of death double-checked by consulting medical case sheets and family doctors' files. The influence of items on mortality was evaluated with the Cox multivariate analysis. Relative risk (RR) of each item was adjusted for confounders. Age, gender, tobacco smoking, the presence of respiratory symptoms, low body mass index in males, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as the town of residence, were powerful predictors of cancer mortality. In the entire population, 12-year overall mortality was 49.4%, cardiovascular 22.8%, and neoplastic 11%; the latter was higher in males than in females (15.7% vs. 7.9%, p < 0.00001). In subjects with respiratory symptoms neoplastic mortality was 11.6% (RR: 1.47) vs. 9.7% in those without symptoms (p < 0.01). Subjects with very low cholesterol ( 178 mg/dl), those with high uric acid ( 8.7 mg/dl) and males with low body mass index ( 22.7 kg/m²) has an increased risk of cancer mortality. RR of cancer mortality increased with increasing ALT or ALP. It was 1 in those having ALT and ALP between 9 and 41.2U/I, 1.41 in those exceeding this latter level and < 1 in those below 9U/I. RR of ALP had a similar trend, the best protective cut-off value being <106 and the worst one > 177U/I. When both serum enzymes were simultaneously raised, RR of cancer mortality increased to 2.84.     

Antihypertensive drug therapy and hypoglycemia in elderly diabetic patients treated with insulin and/or sulfonylureas

We performed this case–control study to evaluate the risk of hypoglycemia associated with the use of antihypertensive drugs in older hospitalized diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas and/or insulin. All diabetic patients admitted during 4 months in 1988, 1 month in 1991, 4 months in 1993 and 4 months in 1995 (n = 3477, mean age 71.4 ± 0.2 years, 1542 males and 1935 females) were enrolled in the study. During the four annual surveys 86 patients (mean age 71.1 ± 1.4 years, 33 males and 53 females) presented hypoglycemia during hospital stay. The patients who presented hypoglycemia were less frequently users of sulfonylureas and more frequently users of a combination of insulin and sulfonylureas. Use of antihypertensive drugs was similar in the two groups studied, and among potentially interacting drugs considered in the analysis, sulfonamides were more frequently used in patients who experienced hypoglycemia. Moreover, patients with hypoglycemia used a higher number of drugs, had a longer length of stay and had a greater prevalence of hypoglycemia as admission problem. Finally, although not significant, liver and renal diseases were more frequent among patients with hypoglycemia. In the multivariate analysis, contemporary use of insulin and sulfonylureas, liver disease and length of stay were significantly associated with hypoglycemia, while none of the antihypertensive drugs showed a significant association with the occurrence of hypoglycemia during hospital stay. Our results indicate that antihypertensive drugs do not increase the risk of hypoglycemia in elderly diabetic patients.     

Preparing Older People to Cope after a Fall

Clinical experience and previous research show that older people at risk of falling can become anxious at the thought of being on the floor, therefore physiotherapists and occupational therapists may be reluctant to teach them how to get up.Old people's reactions to two different methods of teaching them this skill are compared (three groups, mean age 84 years). The conventional method requires people to be helped down to the floor and then to learn how to get on to their knees prior to getting up with the help of furniture. An alternative method, based on backward-chaining principles, does not require that people start from the floor and reduces the likelihood of them experiencing failure. The activity is broken down into small steps — the last step in the chain being taught first.It is concluded that:

1 The backward-chaining method of teaching elderly people how to get up from the floor is much less stressful to older people and to staff than the conventional method.

2 Older people are slightly more likely to learn successfully how to get up from the floor by the backward-chaining method which, even if they are not successful, provides them with functionally relevant exercise.

3 Older people who cannot learn to get up from the floor should be helped to develop alternative strategies for summoning help and for preventing the consequences of the long lie.