儿童心脏瓣膜置换手术及其疗效

目的探讨儿童心脏瓣膜置换手术及治疗效果。方法1990年1月至2002年12月，45例14岁以下儿童施行了心脏瓣膜置换手术。其中男26例，女19例。年龄3—14岁，平均10．8岁；≤10岁15例，10～14岁30例。包括先天性心脏瓣膜病32例，风湿性瓣膜病6例，心内膜炎3例，部分型房室管畸形修补术后二尖瓣关闭不全3例，室间隔缺损修补术后主动脉关闭不全1例。行二尖瓣置换23例，其中2例为矫正型大动脉转位行解剖位三尖瓣置换，主动脉瓣置换9例；二尖瓣与主动脉瓣双瓣置换4例；三尖瓣置换9例。5例使用生物瓣膜或同种主动脉瓣，余40例均采用机械瓣膜，包括进口双叶瓣34枚，进口单叶瓣3枚，国产单叶瓣7枚。结果本组手术死亡(术后30d内)2例，死亡率4．4％，均死于手术当日，1例因顽固性心律失常，1例术后低心输出量综合征。生存者随访8个月-12年，平均4．9年。4例晚期死亡，晚期死亡率9．3％。置入机械瓣膜者均采用华法林抗凝治疗，未发生血栓栓塞及抗凝相关并发症，病儿术后心功能均Ⅰ-Ⅱ级。结论儿童瓣膜病病人，大多数可以置入合适的成人型号人工瓣膜，保证其术后生长发育，减少二次手术。采用华法林进行抗凝治疗，经过平均4．5年随访，无血栓栓塞或抗凝有关的出血并发症发生，治疗效果较为满意。     

腹腔镜手术在小儿外科的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜技术在小儿外科的临床应用。方法:对2003年12月至2004年9月间的139例小儿腹腔镜手术进行回顾性分析。结果:139例中1例中转开放手术,余均顺利完成。结论:腹腔镜手术具有创伤小、康复快、住院时间短等优点,小儿腹部外科的大部分疾病可以使用腹腔镜手术治疗。     

Meta-analysis of quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD: By both parent proxy-report and child self-report using PedsQL™

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent developmental disorder that seriously and negatively impacts a child's health-related quality of life (HRQOL). However, no meta-analysis has been conducted to examine the magnitude of impact, domains affected and factors moderating the impact. This review included nine studies that compared HRQOL of children or adolescents with ADHD with those with typical development using both child self-reports and parent proxy-reports. Seven among nine studies were meta-analytically synthesized to examine the degree of impact of ADHD on children and adolescents, parent–child discrepancy, and the moderators. The results indicate that ADHD impact a child's or adolescent's HRQOL negatively with a moderate effect in physical and a severe effect in psychosocial (i.e., emotional, social, and school) domains. Parental ratings of overall HRQOL in children or adolescents with ADHD were not significantly different from child's ratings when compared with typically developing children and adolescents. Age was negatively associated with all domains of HRQOL in children and adolescents with ADHD both by parent- and child-ratings, and the strongest effect was found in parental ratings of child's emotional HRQOL, with a moderate correlation. This meta-analysis suggests that HRQOL may be assessed in children and adolescents with ADHD both by parent proxy- and child self-reports, and that interventions may be planned accordingly. Future meta-analysis may explore how measures of HRQOL and other factors including child, parental, familiar and school characteristics influence the impact of ADHD and the parent–child agreement in children and adolescents.     

The prevalence of non-accidental trauma among children with polytrauma: A nationwide level-I trauma centre study

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of non-accidental trauma (NAT) in children with polytrauma treated at level-I trauma centres (TC).Summary of backgroundData 6–10% Of children who present at the emergency department with injuries, sustain polytrauma. Polytrauma may result from either accidental (AT) or NAT, i.e. inflicted or neglect. The prevalence of NAT among children with polytrauma is currently unclear.MethodsThis is a retrospective study that included children (0–18 years) with an Injury Severity Score >15, who presented at one of the 11 Level-I trauma centers (TC) in the Netherlands between January 1, 2010 and January 1, 2016. Outcomes were classified based on the conclusions of the Child Abuse and Neglect-team. Cases in which conclusions were unavailable and there was no clear accidental cause of injuries were reviewed by an expert panel.ResultsThe study included 1623 children, 1452 (89%) were classified as AT, 171 (11%) as NAT; 39 (2,4%) inflicted and 132 (8,1%) neglect. Of pre-school aged children (<5 years) 41% sustained NAT (OR26.73, 95%CI 17.70–40.35), 35/342 (10%) inflicted and 104/342 (31%) neglect. Admission due to ‘cardiopulmonary arrest’ was the result of inflicted trauma (30% vs 0%,p < 0.001). NAT had a higher mortality rate (16% vs 10%, p = 0.006). Indicators of NAT were: (near-)drowning (OR10.74, 95%CI 5.94–19.41), burn (OR8.62, 95%CI 4.08–18.19) and fall from height (OR2.18, 95%CI 1.56–3.02).ConclusionsNAT was the cause of polytrauma in 11% of children in our nationwide level-I TC study; 41% of these polytrauma were the result of NAT experienced by preschool-aged children. Our data show the importance of awareness for NAT.     

功能MRI在儿童肾脏疾病诊断中的研究进展

儿童肾脏疾病可导致肾功能持续下降,需及时监测并控制其进展。目前,多种功能MRI(fMRI)技术已逐步用于儿童肾脏研究,不仅能明确肾脏结构有无异常,还可从肾脏水分子扩散、血氧水平等微观角度对肾功能进行评估,包括扩散加权成像（DWI）、扩散张量成像（DTI）、扩散张量纤维束示踪成像（DTT）、扩散峰度成像（DKI）、血氧水平依赖（BOLD）成像、MR灌注成像。介绍儿童肾脏的生理解剖特点,并综述fMRI在肾脏发育异常、慢性肾脏病、感染性病变、肿瘤性病变等多种疾病中的研究进展。     

改良穿针并外张力带固定治疗GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的:探讨改良穿针并外张力带固定治疗GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效。方法:自2009年2月至2010年11月采用肘外侧切口、改良穿针(内外髁交叉并外髁辅助穿针)并外侧外张力带固定(交叉针尾相互钩绕)法治疗GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折79例,其中男47例,女32例;年龄2.5～14岁,平均8.7岁。受伤至手术时间2h～8d。记录手术前后肘关节活动度及提携角,按照Flynn评定标准评定疗效。结果:61例获得随访(18例失访),时间6～30个月,平均13.5个月。根据Flynn评定标准:优53例,良7例,可1例。结论:采用外侧小切口复位后行改良穿针并外侧外张力带固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折具有固定牢固、恢复快、并发症少的特点,是治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折较理想的方法之一。     

儿童节细胞神经瘤的CT及MRI表现

目的探讨儿童节细胞神经瘤的CT和MRI特点。方法回顾性分析23例经手术病理证实的节细胞神经瘤患儿的临床及影像学资料。23例患儿均接受CT平扫,其中早期增强扫描21例,延迟扫描9例;7例接受MR平扫,其中4例接受MR增强扫描。结果 23例节细胞神经瘤中,17例位于腹膜后,5例位于后纵隔,1例位于颈部。CT和MR显示所有病灶边缘清楚,呈椭圆形、梭形或半月形。CT平扫表现为较低密度,CT值范围22～38HU（中位数28HU）。肿瘤MR平扫T1WI表现为低信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号;CT和MR增强后早期均无或轻度强化,延迟期呈显著强化。结论 CT平扫密度较低、MR T2WI不均匀高信号以及延迟期明显强化是儿童节细胞神经瘤的影像学特点。     

不同麻醉方法在小儿腹腔镜手术中的应用体会

目的:对比分析不同麻醉方法对小儿腹腔镜手术患者插管及拔管前后心率、并发症情况的影响。方法:随机将56例腹腔镜手术患儿分为骶管复合气管插管全麻组(A组)、骶管复合喉罩全麻组(B组)、单纯喉罩全麻组(C组)、单纯气管插管全麻组(D组),每组14例。患儿10个月~5岁,体重9.5~21 kg。分别于麻醉插管后即刻、拔管前1 min、拔管后即刻记录心率变化,观察拔管时有无喉痉挛、呼吸道分泌物情况,术中记录心率、血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压及BIS值。术后2 h内观察有无咽喉部疼痛不适、声音嘶哑、哭闹、咳嗽、呼吸异常及意识恢复情况。结果:B组插管后即刻、拔管后即刻对心率的影响较其他三组小,患儿术后清醒时咽喉部疼痛、咳嗽、喉痉挛、呼吸道分泌物明显减少,耐受的BIS指数更高。拔除喉罩患儿呼吸更平稳、清醒更彻底。结论:小儿腹腔镜手术行骶管复合喉罩全麻患儿麻醉前后心率的变化波动较小,术后患儿清醒更彻底,并发症更少。     

来氟米特治疗儿童频复发型肾病综合征的临床观察

目的 观察来氟米特对儿童频复发型肾病综合征治疗效果.方法 选择31例频复发型肾病综合征患儿,其中微小病变（MCD） 18例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS） 13例,给予来氟米特治疗.结果 来氟米特治疗后,泼尼松隔日应用维持量从（0.58±0.19） mg/kg减少至（0.21±0.25）mg/kg,复发率从平均每年（3.10±0.88）次下降至平均每年（1.00±1.18）次.其中有10例患儿泼尼松停止应用而没出现复发.结论 来氟米特在治疗儿童频复发型肾病综合征方面是有效的.