肌骨超声及CT诊断慢性腰痛的效果比较

目的比较肌骨超声与CT对慢性腰痛的诊断效果。方法选取我院2016年1月到2017年6月期间收治的慢性腰痛患者60例作为观察组,另选取健康成年人58例作为对照组。两组均行肌骨超声及CT检查,测量L4两侧多裂肌横截面积。观察组患者经治疗缓解后再次测量。利用ROC曲线分析CT诊断多裂肌横截面积的最佳诊断截点,并分析肌骨超声及CT对慢性腰痛的诊断效能。结果CT及肌骨超声测量结果显示,两种方法的多裂肌横截面积测量结果无显著差异(P>0.05),组间比较,两种方法下观察组多裂肌横截面积均明显小于对照组,显著差异(P<0.05)。118名研究对象中,CT诊断慢性腰痛57例,健康者61例,误诊4例,漏诊7例,诊断正确率为90.68%;肌骨超声诊断慢性腰痛56例,健康者62例,误诊4例,漏诊8例,诊断正确率89.83%。ROC曲线分析显示:CT与肌骨超声诊断慢性腰痛的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)以及正确率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。两者曲线下面积分别为0.908、0.899,均有较高的诊断效能(AUC>0.5)。观察组患者治疗后多裂肌横截面积骨肌超声测量值逐渐增加,治疗后4个月和治疗后6个月所得数据与治疗前相比,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过肌骨超声测量患者多裂肌横截面积,能够对慢性腰痛患者达到不亚于CT的诊断效能,且具有便捷、经济、操作简单、无辐射、可反复操作等优点。     

Back posture education in elementary schoolchildren: a 2-year follow-up study

Within the scope of primary prevention regarding back functioning in children, research on the stability of intervention effects is indispensable. Along this line, the transition from childhood to adolescence is an important phase to evaluate the potential stability of intervention effects because of the typically mechanical and psychological demands related to adolescence. The main aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of a back education program at 2-year follow-up, in youngsters aged 13-14 years, on back posture knowledge, fear-avoidance beliefs and self-reported pain. An additional purpose was to evaluate which aspects of postural behavior were integrated in youngsters' lifestyles. At 2-year follow-up, the study sample included 94 secondary schoolchildren in the intervention group (mean age 13.3 +/- 0.8 years) and 101 controls (mean age 13.2 +/- 0.7 years). The back posture program that had been implemented for two school years consisted of back education and the stimulation of postural dynamism in the class through support and environmental changes. A questionnaire was completed comparable to the pretest, posttest and follow-up evaluations. The current study demonstrated at 2-year follow-up stability of the improved general (F = 1.590, ns) and specific (F = 0.049, ns) back posture knowledge in children who had received early back posture education. Back posture education did not result in increased fear-avoidance beliefs (F = 1.163, ns) or mounting back and/or neck pain reports (F = 0.001, ns). Based on self-reports for postural behavior, youngsters who had received the back posture program in the elementary school curriculum integrated crucial sitting and lifting principles conform to biomechanical favorable postural behavior. The steady intervention effects 2-year post-intervention demonstrated that intensive back posture education through the elementary school curriculum is effective till adolescence. Future research on the impact of early school-based back posture promotion in relation to the integration of back posture principles according to a biomechanical favorable lifestyle and back pain prevalence later in life is essential.     

Effects of back posture education on elementary schoolchildren’s back function

The possible effects of back education on children's back function were never evaluated. Therefore, main aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of back education in elementary schoolchildren on back function parameters. Since the reliability of back function measurement in children is poorly defined, another objective was to test the selected instruments for reliability in 8-11-year olds. The multi-factorial intervention lasting two school-years consisted of a back education program and the stimulation of postural dynamism in the class. Trunk muscle endurance, leg muscle capacity and spinal curvature were evaluated in a pre-post design including 41 children who received the back education program (mean age at post-test: 11.2 +/- 0.9 years) and 28 controls (mean age at post-test: 11.4 +/- 0.6 years). Besides, test-retest reliability with a 1-week interval was investigated in a separate sample. Therefore, 47 children (mean age: 10.1 +/- 0.5 years) were tested for reliability of trunk muscle endurance and 40 children (mean age: 10.2 +/- 0.7 years) for the assessment of spinal curvatures. Reliability of endurance testing was very good to good for the trunk flexors (ICC = 0.82) and trunk extensors (ICC = 0.63). The assessment of the thoracic (ICC = 0.69) and the lumbar curvature (ICC = 0.52) in seating position showed good to acceptable reliability. Low ICCs were found for the assessment of the thoracic (ICC = 0.39) and the lumbar curvature (ICC = 0.37) in stance. The effects of 2 year back education showed an increase in trunk flexor endurance in the intervention group compared to a decrease in the controls and a trend towards significance for a higher increase in trunk extensor endurance in the intervention group. For leg muscle capacity and spinal curvature no intervention effects were found. The small samples recommend cautious interpretation of intervention effects. However, the present study's findings favor the implementation of back education with focus on postural dynamism in the class as an integral part of the elementary school curriculum in the scope of optimizing spinal loading through the school environment.     

Value of predictive instruments to determine persisting restriction of function in patients with subacute non-specific low back pain. Systematic review

Low back pain (LBP) can restrict function with all the personal, interpersonal, and social consequences, such as a loss of independence and the inability to fulfil diverse roles in social life. Therefore, the prevention of the consequences of LBP would reduce costs, individual burdens and social burdens. Being able to fulfil the requirements of daily living is a cornerstone of quality of life. Early identification of patients who are likely to develop chronic pain with persistent restricted function is important, as effective prevention needs informed allocation of health care and social work. The aim of this study was to report and discuss the predictive value of instruments used to identify patients at risk of chronic LBP. Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Central, PEDro, Psyndex, PsychInfo/PsycLit, and Sociofile were systematically searched up to July 2004. Reference lists of systematic reviews on risk factors, and reference lists of the studies included were also searched. The selected studies evaluated predictive values of tools or predictive models applied 2-12 weeks after an initial medical consultation for a first or a new episode of non-specific LBP with restriction in function. Instruments had to predict function-related outcomes. Because of the heterogeneity of the instruments used we did not pool the data. Sixteen publications on function-related outcomes were included. The predictive instruments in these studies showed only moderate ability to predict or explain function-related outcome (maximal 51% of the variability). There was great variability in the predictors included and not all known risk factors were included in the models. The reviewed tools showed a limited ability to predict function-related outcome in patients with risk of chronic low back pain. Future instruments should be based on models with a comprehensive set of known risk factors. These models should be constructed and validated by international, coordinated research teams.     

18F-FDG PET全身显像时颈背部肌肉对称性浓聚分析

目的 分析^18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG) PET全身显像时部分患者颈部及胸椎两旁肌肉局限性代谢增高的显像特点及规律。方法 回顾性分析行^18F-FDG PET全身显像者1600例。受检者禁食4h后，按体重5．55MBq／kg静脉注入^18F-FDG，坐位松弛状态下休息50min后，用Siemens ECAT EXACTHR’PET仪进行采集。结果 1600例受检者中，共有9例10次显示双侧颈根部及双侧锁骨上区对称性放射性浓聚，同时均伴有胸椎两侧对称性点状浓聚。1例5d后行镇静剂介入显像，颈锁部及胸椎旁高代谢灶基本消失。结论 肌肉紧张可使少数患者颈部及胸椎两旁肌肉局限性^18F-FDG摄取增高。认识其显像特征有利于避免误诊。     

Usefulness of pain distribution pattern assessment in decision-making for the patients with lumbar zygapophyseal and sacroiliac joint arthropathy

There are currently no initial guides for the diagnosis of somatic referred pain of lumbar zygapophyseal joint (LZJ) or sacroiliac joint (SIJ). We developed a classification system of LZJ and SIJ pain, the 'pain distribution pattern template (PDPT)' depending on the pain distribution patterns from a pool of 200 patients whose spinal pain source was confirmed. We prospectively applied the PDPT to determine its contribution to clinical decision-making for 419 patients whose pain was presumed to arise from the LZJs (259 patients) or SIJs (160 patients). Forty-nine percent (128/259) of LZJ and 46% (74/160) of SIJ arthopathies diagnosed by PDPT were confirmed by nerve blocks. Diagnostic reliabilities were significantly higher in Type A and C patterns in LZJ and Type C in SIJ arthropathies, 64%, 80%, and 68.4%, respectively. For both LZJ and SIJ arthropathies, favorable outcome after radiofrequency (RF) neurotomies was similar to the rate of positive responses to diagnostic blocks in Type A to Type D, whereas the outcome was unpredictable in those with undetermined type (Type E). Considering the paucity of currently available diagnostic methods for LZJ and SIJ arthropathies, PDPT is useful in clinical decision- making as well as in predicting the treatment outcome.     

Psychological response in spinal manipulation (PRISM): a systematic review of psychological outcomes in randomised controlled trials

BACKGROUND: The most important risk factors for back and neck pain are psychosocial. Nevertheless, systematic reviews of spinal manipulation have concentrated on pain and spine related disability, and ignored psychological outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether spinal manipulation was effective in improving psychological outcome. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: RCTs were identified by searching Medline, CINAHL, Embase, CENTRAL, AMED, PsycINFO until November 2005. Trials reporting psychological outcomes including the mental health components of generic outcomes were extracted, and combined where appropriate in meta-analyses. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty nine RCTs of spinal manipulation were identified; 12 had adequately reported psychological outcomes. Six trials with a verbal intervention comparator were combined in a meta-analysis, and found a mean benefit from spinal manipulation equivalent to 0.34 of the population standard deviation (S.D.) [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23-0.45] at 1-5 months; 0.27 of the S.D. [95% CI 0.14-0.40] at 6-12 months. Eight trials with a physical treatment comparator were combined in a meta-analysis and found a mean benefit of 0.13 of the S.D. [95% CI 0.01-0.24] in favour of manipulation at 1-5 months; 0.11 of the S.D. [95% CI -0.02 to 0.25] at 6-12 months. CONCLUSIONS: There was some evidence that spinal manipulation improved psychological outcomes compared with verbal interventions.     

Quantification of lumbar stability by using 2 different abdominal activation strategies

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the abdominal hollowing technique is more effective for lumbar spine stabilization than a full abdominal muscle cocontraction. DESIGN: Within-subject, repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the effect of combining each of 4 loading conditions with either the hollow or brace condition on the dependent variables of stability and compression. A simulation was also conducted to assess the outcome of a person activating just the transversus abdominis during the hollow. SETTING: Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Eight healthy men (age range, 20-33y). INTERVENTIONS: Electromyography and spine kinematics were recorded during an abdominal brace and a hollow while supporting either a bilateral or asymmetric weight in the hands. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spine stability index and lumbar compression were calculated. RESULTS: In the simulation "ideal case," the brace technique improved stability by 32%, with a 15% increase in lumbar compression. The transversus abdominis contributed .14% of stability to the brace pattern with a less than 0.1% decrease in compression. CONCLUSIONS: Whatever the benefit underlying low-load transversus abdominis activation training, it is unlikely to be mechanical. There seems to be no mechanical rationale for using an abdominal hollow, or the transversus abdominis, to enhance stability. Bracing creates patterns that better enhance stability.