医务人员艾滋病 梅毒和乙型肝炎母婴传播防治知识知晓率及其影响因素

目的了解重大公共卫生服务专项经费支持开展预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙型肝炎(乙肝)母婴传播(Inte-grated prevention of mother-to-child transmission,IPMTCT)项目地区的医务人员,对母婴传播防治相关知识的知晓状况及其影响因素,为明确下一步项目工作中人员能力建设及支持重点提供参考依据。方法于2011年9-10月,对2省4个项目县(市、区)所有承担IPMTCT工作的医务人员进行问卷调查。结果734名医务人员IPMTCT综合知识知晓率为48.9%(359/734)。88.1%(647/734)的医务人员近1年接受过相关培训。多因素Logistic分析结果显示,调整地域和年龄因素后,有预防艾滋病母婴传播工作(Prevention of mother-to-child transmission,PMTCT)基础的项目地区,医务人员的IPMTCT综合知识知晓率高于无PMTCT工作基础的地区的医务人员[比值比(Odds ratio,OR)=5.810,95%可信区间(Confidence interval,CI)=4.037～8.362];近1年接受过相关培训的医务人员知识知晓率高于未接受过培训的医务人员(OR=3.014,95%CI=1.674～5.426);乡镇级医务人员相关知识水平低于县级及以上医务人员(OR=0.335,95%CI=0.226～0.496);相对于临床人员,保健、检验等专业人员相关知识水平低(OR=0.413,95%CI=0.256～0.668;OR=0.274,95%CI=0.154～0.487)。结论医务人员IPMTCT综合知识水平普遍较低,乡镇医务人员和从事保健、检验工作的医务人员相关知识更为薄弱,有PMTCT工作基础的地区和近期接受过相关培训的医务人员,IPMTCT综合知识水平高。应进一步加强培训,尤其重视对乡镇医务人员、保健人员和检验人员的培训。加大对没有PMTCT工作基础的地区的培训支持。     

Neural correlates of crossmodal visual-tactile extinction and of tactile awareness revealed by fMRI in a right-hemisphere stroke patient

We used fMRI to study the neural correlates of crossmodal, visual-tactile extinction in a single case (patient GK). GK has chronic extinction after a lesion centred on right inferior parietal cortex, and has previously been investigated extensively in purely visual fMRI studies [e.g. Rees, G., Wojciulik, E., Clarke, K., Husain, M., Frith, C., & Driver, J. (2000). Unconscious activation of visual cortex in the damaged right hemisphere of a parietal patient with extinction. Brain, 123(Pt 8), 1624-1633; Rees, G., Kreiman, G., & Koch, C. (2002). Neural correlates of consciousness in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(4), 261-270]. With concurrent stimulation of the right visual field plus left index finger, GK showed crossmodal extinction of left touch on approximately half of such trials here (reflecting impaired sensitivity, i.e. lowered d-prime), albeit becoming aware of left touch on the other half. fMRI revealed activation of contralateral primary somatosensory cortex on crossmodal trials when touch was extinguished from awareness, suggesting unconscious residual processing there. When GK became aware of the left touch, additional activation was found in surviving right parietal cortex, and in frontal regions; moreover, functional coupling was enhanced with a region of frontal cortex implicated in awareness by previous work. Finally, on trials where crossmodal extinction arose, surviving right parietal cortex showed stronger functional coupling with the left visual and right somatosensory regions driven by the competing stimuli, indicating that crossmodal extinction arises when inputs to separate modalities interact competitively via multimodal cortex.     

对亚健康的认识与预防策略

目的通过对亚健康的认识提出预防策略。方法应用Delphi法、MDI法、TDS法对人群进行亚健康综合测试。结果目前亚健康已普遍存在于人群中。结论应重视亚健康的发生,并利用各种方式进行预防。     

湖南省4县市居民华支睾吸虫病知识知晓率比较及影响因素分析

目的调查湖南4县市居民华支睾吸虫病知晓情况,并进行知晓率比较及影响因素分析,为湖南省华支睾吸虫病防治策略制定提供参考。方法采用多阶段整群抽样的方法抽取有效调查对象共1 224名,采用问卷调查及面对面访谈的形式进行知晓情况调查,并采用χ~2检验及Logistic回归对知晓率的影响因素进行分析。结果湖南4县市居民知晓率为:永州市15.67%(68/434)、岳阳市9.94%(34/342)、望城县13.25%(31/234)、通道县21.96%(47/214);疾病各方面知识的知晓率为:病原学44.67%(2 734/6 120),临床表现56.44%(3 454/6 120),流行病学特征60.95%(7 460/12 240),个人日常预防42.47%(2 599/6 120);Logistic回归结果显示,影响华支睾吸虫病知晓率的因素有长期就餐地点、家庭中是否有从医人员、对相关新闻报道的关注程度及寄生虫病史。结论湘西南地区华支睾吸虫病知晓率水平较高,但湖南各地区知晓率总体水平不高,应加强有关华支睾吸虫病个人日常预防知识及食品卫生知识的宣教。     

Awareness regarding COVID-19 and problems being faced by young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus amid nationwide lockdown in India: A qualitative interview study

AimsTo assess the awareness about COVID-19 and the problems being faced by young adults with T1DM amid nationwide lockdown in India.MethodsA cross-sectional telephone-based qualitative interview study was conducted in young adults (aged 18–30 years) with T1DM amid lockdown. Following verbal consent, participants were asked 8 open-ended questions, 5 on awareness about COVID-19 and 3 catering to problems being faced concerning diet, physical activity and treatment amid lockdown. On average, 3 interviews were conducted per day with each lasting for 15?20 min. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by qualitative content analysis.ResultsThirty-two participants were interviewed; after exclusion of two poorly recorded interviews, 30 were finally analyzed. Mean age of participants was 22.4 ± 4.0 years (M:F = 8:7). Only 30%, 40% and 53% of participants were aware of modes of transmission (respiratory droplets and fomites), cardinal symptoms (fever, cough and breathing difficulty) and means of prevention (staying indoors, social distancing and regular hand washing), respectively. Majority of participants were unaware of additional risks associated with COVID-19 in diabetes mellitus. Most participants could continue with their routine diet and prescribed treatment regime, however, 90% reported a reduction in physical activity and 72% experienced worsening of glycemic control amid lockdown.ConclusionsYoung adults with T1DM lack adequate awareness about COVID-19. Increasing awareness and imparting diabetes self-management education via digital/print media is needed.     

预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育对孕妇艾滋病知识的干预效果评价

目的评价预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育对孕妇艾滋病知识知晓率的干预效果,为开展预防艾滋病母婴传播的健康教育提供科学依据。方法选择条件接近的两个地区作为干预地区和对照地区,开展预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育干预研究。干预措施包括举办讲座和发放预防艾滋病母婴传播宣传资料等。通过干预前及干预后的两次问卷调查,了解孕妇预防艾滋病母婴传播知识及艾滋病一般防治知识知晓率的变化,评价干预效果。结果共完成1 541名孕妇的调查,其中干预组933人,对照组608人。干预前两组对象预防艾滋病母婴传播知识知晓率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),对照组对艾滋病一般防治知识的知晓率高于干预组。实施干预后,干预组孕妇的预防艾滋病母婴传播知识及艾滋病一般防治的知识知晓率均高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育干预措施提高了孕妇艾滋病相关知识知晓率,以预防艾滋病母婴传播知识知晓率的提高较为明显,因此,应继续开展综合的预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育干预活动。     

新疆生产建设兵团育龄妇女叶酸知识知晓情况调查

目的:了解新疆生产建设兵团育龄妇女叶酸知识知晓情况。方法:采取整群分层、四阶段、概率比例抽样方法随机抽样,共调查育龄妇女7333人;对影响兵团育龄妇女叶酸知晓率的因素进行单因素和非条件Logistic逐步回归分析。结果:兵团育龄妇女的叶酸知晓率为31.37%;居住在师直、年龄25～34岁、汉族、受教育程度高、已婚、从事非农业、家庭年收入高、经常看书报杂志、近2年收到过生殖健康宣传材料的妇女叶酸知晓率高。结论:应积极采取叶酸增补干预措施,加强健康教育,重点加强农村、未婚和少数民族妇女叶酸知识的普及,促进经济发展,提高妇女受教育程度是提高育龄妇女叶酸知晓率的根本途径。     

泰安市儿童家长预防接种知晓率现况研究

[目的]了解泰安市城乡儿童家长预防接种知晓现况并进行比较分析。[方法]统一制定调查方案及调查问卷,采用分层抽样方法,分别在城市和农村对儿童家长进行面对面问卷调查,资料用SPSS11.5统计软件进行统计分析。[结果]在城市,"预防接种是否可以预防传染病"和"每次接种是预防何种传染病",儿童母亲和父亲的知晓率较高,分别为97.9%,98.2%和95.5%,92.1%,在农村,儿童母亲和父亲对"预防接种是否可以预防传染病"的知晓率较高分别为80.4%和92.3%。城乡儿童家长对许多预防接种知识的知晓率存在较大差异。[结论]城市和农村的儿童家长对预防接种知识的知晓率存在较大差异,应加大在农村宣传预防接种知识的力度。     

乡村妇联干部村医结核病防治知识培训效果分析

目的探讨结核病健康促进活动对基层妇联干部和村医对结核病防治知识的认知的影响。方法结防机构对石家庄市的8个县所有村的妇联干部和村医实施结核病防治核心知识培训,对其接受培训后的结防知识知晓率进行分析。结果经过培训,妇联干部和村医对结核病防治核心知识的知晓率均达到了99%以上,培训后小学与初高中学历被调查者知晓率有统计学差异。结论这种健康教育形式使妇联干部和村医对结防核心知识达到较高的知晓率,为其在基层群众中进一步开展结防知识健康促进活动起到了很好的师资作用。     

A preliminary study on the effect of pharmacist counseling on awareness of and willingness to quit smoking in Malaysian population

Objectives This paper presents an outcome of pharmacist counseling among Malaysian smokers for their awareness of and willingness to quit smoking. Method It was a cross-sectional study during a 3-day public health campaign at a shopping complex. Each self-referred participant was asked to complete a questionnaire apart from the question regarding improvement, and if any in their awareness and willingness to quit smoking, were asked to respond after counseling. Pharmacists counseled each participant about smoking cessation strategies and smoking related diseases. The data were analyzed by χ ² test. Results Among respondents, 25.5% had been smoking for more than 10 years, 31% for 5–10 years, 25.4% for 2–5 years and 18.3% for 1–2 years. The participants declaring no awareness about smoking were 22.9%, with little awareness 44.3%, having moderate awareness 25.7% and with considerable awareness were 7.1%. After counseling, 4.1% revealed unawareness, 17.8% little awareness, 43.8% moderate and 34.2% had considerable awareness on the above aspects. The post counseling awareness on smoking was observed to be significantly higher (P< 0.01). Among smokers studied, 67% showed willingness to quit smoking. Conclusion Increase in awareness of and willingness to quit smoking reflects that pharmacist counseling seems to be helpful in cessation of smoking.