Estimating fatality rates in occupational light vehicle users using vehicle registration and crash data

Objective: To estimate occupational light vehicle (OLV) fatality numbers using vehicle registration and crash data and compare these with previous estimates based on workers' compensation data. Method: New South Wales (NSW) Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) vehicle registration and crash data were obtained for 2004. NSW is the only Australian jurisdiction with mandatory work‐use registration, which was used as a proxy for work‐relatedness. OLV fatality rates based on registration data as the denominator were calculated and comparisons made with published 2003/04 fatalities based on workers' compensation data. Results: Thirty‐four NSW RTA OLV‐user fatalities were identified, a rate of 4.5 deaths per 100,000 organisationally registered OLV, whereas the Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC), reported 28 OLV deaths Australia‐wide. Conclusions: More OLV user fatalities were identified from vehicle registration‐based data than those based on workers' compensation estimates and the data are likely to provide an improved estimate of fatalities specific to OLV use. Implications: OLV‐use is an important cause of traumatic fatalities that would be better identified through the use of vehicle‐registration data, which provides a stronger evidence base from which to develop policy responses.     

乘用车内空气中甲醛的污染状况及其影响因素

目的确定汽车内甲醛测定的最佳条件,了解汽车中甲醛的污染情况、动态变化规律及影响因素。方法采用乙酰丙酮分光光度法进行测定,确定最佳采样时间、流量和显色时间。选取4种车型(基本型、多功能型、运动型和商用车)的乘用车为研究对象,监测不同温度(15和25℃)下,通风前及通风后不同时间(20、40、60、80、100和120min)以及出厂时、出厂后1、3、6个月和1a车内甲醛浓度变化。结果汽车内甲醛测定的最佳实验条件:采样流量为0.3L/min,采集时间为10min,用50ml吸收液的大型多孔玻板吸收管采集样品,严格控制显色时间为3min。各类车内甲醛浓度均不同程度地超标,汽车置于15℃的室内,通风1h后,甲醛浓度约为原来的80%;通风2h后,与通风1h比较,甲醛浓度变化不大。置于25℃的室外,通风1h后,车内甲醛浓度未有太大变化,通风2h后,甲醛浓度明显降低。随着汽车出厂时间的延长,车内甲醛浓度明显降低,出厂后1a车内甲醛浓度达到我国室内空气质量标准的限值(0.10mg/m3)。结论各类车型汽车普遍存在车内甲醛污染。车内甲醛浓度受自然通风、环境温度、出厂时间及车型的影响。     

关于优化病区抢救车药品配备方案的探讨

目的:探讨病区抢救车配备药品品种和数量的合理配置,为医院开展迅速、及时的抢救提供重要保障。方法:通过医院信息系统的大数据分析我院抢救用药信息,参照《急(抢)救药品直接挂网采购示范药品目录》,结合我院实际情况制定优化配备方案,并采取一系列措施保障优化方案的实施到位。结果:全院抢救车上药品配置品种由优化前的9种,调整为优化后的19种,抢救车外用药占比由优化前的65.94%(1301/1973)下降至20.98%(167/796)。全院各病区通过大数据个性化分析,制定各院区的优化配置方案。实现科学配置后,完全满足抢救需要占比由原来的34.06%(672/1973)大幅提升至79.02%(629/796)。结论:本研究制定的个性化抢救车药品优化配置方案,更科学、合理地满足抢救需要,提升了救护工作的效果。     

A generalized Nash equilibrium approach for optimal control problems of autonomous cars

We consider optimal control problems with ordinary differential equations that are coupled by shared, possibly nonconvex, constraints. For these problems, we use the generalized Nash equilibrium approach and provide a reformulation of normalized Nash equilibria as solutions to a single optimal control problem. By this reformulation, we are able to prove existence, and in some settings, exploiting convexity properties, we also get a limited number or even uniqueness of the normalized Nash equilibria. Then, we use our approach to discuss traffic scenarios with several autonomous vehicles, whose dynamics is described through differential equations, and the avoidance of collisions couples the optimal control problems of the vehicles. For the solution to the discretized problems, we prove strong convergence of the states and weak convergence of the controls. Finally, using existing optimal control software, we show that the generalized Nash equilibrium approach leads to reasonable results for a crossing scenario with different vehicle models.     

药品检测车运行存在的问题及对策探讨

目的为进一步提高药品检测车的运行效率提供参考。方法介绍了运城市药品检测车运行的基本情况,对其存在的问题进行分析,对改进药品检测车提出了相关建议。结果药品检测车的运行改进了药品检测手段,提高了药品监督工作效率。结论今后应进一步加大筛查力度,扩大抽验覆盖面,提高抽验的靶向性。     

Pediatric all-terrain vehicle related temporal bone fractures

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of helmet use in children involved in all-terrain vehicles (ATV) accidents.

Study design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Tertiary Academic Medical Center.

Subjects and methods

Retrospective review was performed using the trauma registry of an academic tertiary medical center identifying ATV injured patients under 13 years of age between 2003-2008. Data regarding age, gender, ethnicity, driver/passenger status, helmet status, length of hospital stay, Glascow Coma Scale, Injury Severity Score, Abbreviated Injury Score, and presence of temporal bone fracture were analyzed.

Results

Seventy-four ATV injured pediatric subjects were identified. Average age was 8.6 years, 62% male, 38 were drivers, 32 were passengers. Helmet use data were available on 47 (64%) subjects, of these 9 (19%) wore helmets, and 38 (81%) were not wearing helmets. There was no observed statistical difference between helmeted and unhelmeted riders when comparing age, gender, ethnicity, driver/passenger status, length of hospital stay, Glascow Coma Scale (GCS), Injury Severity Score, Abbreviated Injury Score, or presence of temporal bone fracture.

Conclusions

This review found that documented helmet use in pediatric ATV injuries to be profoundly low (19%). Within our cohort no protective benefit from helmet use was identified, suggesting the inherent and potentially unalterable dangers of pediatric ATV recreation.     

Preventing injuries from all-terrain vehicles

All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are widely used in Canada for recreation, transportation and occupations such as farming. As motorized vehicles, they can be especially dangerous when used by children and young adolescents who lack the knowledge, physical size, strength, and cognitive and motor skills to operate them safely. The magnitude of injury risk to young riders is reflected in explicit vehicle manual warnings and the warning labels on current models, and evidenced by the significant number of paediatric hospitalizations and deaths due to ATV-related trauma. However, helmet use is far from universal among youth operators, and unsafe riding behaviours, such as driving unsupervised and/or driving with passengers, remain common. Despite industry warnings and public education that emphasize the importance of safety behaviours and the risks of significant injury to children and youth, ATV-related injuries and fatalities continue to occur. Until measures are taken that clearly effect substantial reductions in these injuries, restricting ridership by young operators, especially those younger than 16 years of age, is critical to reducing the burden of ATV-related trauma in children and youth. This document replaces a previous Canadian Paediatric Society position statement published in 2004.     

提高氨基酮戊酸透皮能力的方法

氨基酮戊酸光动力治疗在皮肤科领域应用广泛，由于氨基酮戊酸透皮能力低，限制氨基酮戊酸光动力治疗的疗效。氨基酮戊酸衍生物，微针、激光、离子导入和运输载体技术相继被应用于提高氨基酮戊酸的透皮能力，并且取得了一定的效果。它们可通过不同的机制提高氨基酮戊酸透皮的深度和透皮的量，使氨基酮戊酸光动力治疗能更有效地应用于皮肤科领域。     

Car Riding Behavior in Television Programs Watched by Adolescents in the US

Motor vehicle crashes are the number one cause of death for adolescents in the United States and a leading cause of death for adolescents around the world. This exploratory study used quantitative content analysis to assess car riding behavior messages in television programs popular with adolescents. The sample included three randomly selected episodes from the top 15 television programs watched by adolescents during the 2004–2005 television season. Three trained coders analyzed the programs to look for both safe and unsafe behaviors for car riding, such as wearing a seat belt, speeding, and driving while talking on a cell phone. Only 17% of drivers were clearly shown wearing a seat belt, but drunk driving only appeared in 3 incidents and cell phone use only occurred once. The study concludes that mixed messages are shown on television programs watched by adolescents regarding safe driving behavior, which has implications for potential media effects.