内镜下硬化疗法对肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血的疗效

[研究背景 ]食道静脉曲张出血是肝硬化的严重并发症和常见死亡原因之一 .　 [病例报告 ]将肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张出血患者 16 4例分为硬化组 79例和药物组 85例 ,分别给予内镜下 5 0 g/L鱼肝油酸钠静脉内硬化治疗与一般传统药物治疗 .结果 ,6个月 ,1,3,5年内硬化组再出血率显著低于药物组 ,而硬化组生存率高于药物组 .[讨论 ]内镜下硬化疗法在降低肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血患者的再出血率和提高生存率方面均优于传统的药物疗法     

Endoscopic resection of carcinoma in situ of the esophagus accompanied by esophageal varices

Summary A case of carcinoma in situ of the esophagus accompanied by esophageal varices was treated by endoscopic mucosal resection using a transparent tube (EMRT) following eradication of the varices via injection sclerotherapy (EIS). Intravariceal injection sclerotherapy was performed for esophageal varices, and after eradication of the varices had been achieved, half of the circumferential esophageal mucosal resection of the cancer lesion was carried out. No serious complication such as perforation or mass bleeding was observed. Cancer-involved mucosa was completely resected and all specimens contributed well to accurate histopathological study, being diagnosed as intraepithelial squamous-cell carcinoma. The artificial ulcer recovered completely, showing no stenotic changes. Our conclusion from this experience is that EIS + EMRT is a valuable and minimally invasive treatment for patients exhibiting this disease, providing an accurate histopathological diagnosis.     

塑料丝束扩张法治疗食管良性狭窄

采用食管放置牵引线,经胃造瘘管牵引塑料丝束扩张法治疗食管良性狭窄20例,均恢复正常饮食。此法最大优点是保留了原有的食管,手术创伤小,适用于不同年龄,特别是小儿及年老体弱者。本文介绍了病例的选择、手术方法,讨论了扩张法要点和经验教训。     

Injection Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Esophageal Varices after Surgical Procedures

Abstract: Thirteen patients, who had recurrent esophageal varices after esophageal transection or esophagoproximal gastrectomy were treated by endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. Four patients successfully underwent emergency sclerotherapy to control active variceal hemorrhaging. Three of these patients and the remaining nine patients (including six rebleeding patients who were conservatively treated) underwent elective sclerotherapy. None of the patients had variceal rebleeding in the follow-up study with sclerotherapies. Only one patient with recurrent varices did not undergo any additional sclerotherapy following emergency treatment. In this study, no deaths occured nor any major complications. Minor complications such as low grade fever and chest pain were observed, but they were transient and disappeared within 2 or 3 days without specific treatments. It is concluded that endoscopic injection sclerotherapy is considered to be the most effective procedure for recurrent varice following surgery.     

Bleeding esophageal varices caused by Graves' hypervascular cervical goiter

A 65-year-old woman presented with an episode of hematemesis and a recurrent cervical goiter due to Graves' disease. The angiogram revealed bleeding esophageal varices which had developed through a drainage vein of the vascular goiter. Total thyroidectomy resulted in eradication of the esophageal varices.     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者硬化与套扎治疗对食管动力的影响

研究肝硬化门脉高压合并食管静脉曲张患者行硬化、套扎治疗对食管测压的影响。硬化与套扎治疗组均于治疗前及治疗后各测压一次，结果显示：（1）硬化剂治疗后，食管下端括约肌（LES）息压及松弛压力降低，松弛率升高，松弛持续时间缩短；套扎治疗仅对LES静息压有影响。（2）硬化剂治疗使治疗部位及其以下食管的蠕动波幅值下降，蠕动持续时间延长，蠕动波速度加快；套扎治疗使治疗部位及其以下食管的蠕动持续时间缩短，异常蠕动性收缩增加。提示经治疗后应使用既能降低胃酸酸碱度，又能增加LES压力的抗酸药物，而套扎治疗后应使用胃动力药物。     

GASTRIC FUNDIC VARICES: HEMODYNAMICS AND NON‐SURGICAL TREATMENT

The hemodynamics and non‐surgical treatment of gastric fundic varices (FV) are reviewed. FV are more frequently supplied by the short and posterior gastric veins than esophageal varices (EV), and are formed mostly by large spontaneous shunts in which the gastric or splenic vein is continuous with the left renal vein via the inferior phrenic veins and the suprarenal vein (so‐called gastric‐renal shunt). Concomitant collaterals such as EV, para‐esophageal vein, and para‐umbilical vein were also observed in nearly 60% of FV. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) with Histoacryl is thought to be the most approved treatment for hemorrhage from FV, but repeated treatment for residual FV and care for ensuing hepatic failure are required. Balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B‐RTO) is a notable interventional radiological procedure specially developed for the elective or prophylactic treatment of FV. If the procedure is technically successful, long‐term eradication of treated FV is found in most patients without recurrence. B‐RTO includes another significance, obliteration of the unified portal‐systemic shunt. Follow‐up abdominal CT scan revealed a high incidence of long‐term obliteration of the gastric‐renal shunt after B‐RTO. Benefits such as elevation of serum albumin, improvement in 15‐min retention rate of indocyanine green, decrease in blood ammonia levels, and improvement of encephalopathy are sometimes observed.     

New trends in surgical treatment for portal hypertension

A number of surgical procedures have been developed to manage esophageal varices. Broadly, these can be classified as shunting and non-shunting procedures. While total shunt effectively reduces the incidence of variceal bleeding, it is associated with a high risk of hepatic encephalopathy. The distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS), a selective shunt, was developed by Warren in 1967 to preserve portal blood flow through the liver while lowering variceal pressure. The hope was that both bleeding and hyperammonemia would be prevented. The DSRS effectively prevents rebleeding, but still carries a risk of hyperammonemia. We improved the DSRS procedure by additionally performing splenopancreatic disconnection (SPD, i.e. skeletonization of the splenic vein from the pancreas to its bifurcation at the splenic hilum) and gastric transection (GT, i.e. transection and anastomosis of the upper stomach with an autosuture instrument). An alternative to shunting was developed by Sugiura and Futagawa in 1973. Esophageal transection (ET) divides and reanastomoses the distal esophagus and devascularizes the distal esophagus and proximal stomach; splenectomy, selective vagotomy, and pyloroplasty are performed concomitantly. DSRS was more effective than ET in preventing recurrence of esophageal varices, but was associated with a higher incidence of hyperammonemia. The incidence of hyperammonemia in patients who underwent DSRS with SPD plus GT was significantly lower than that in patients who underwent DSRS alone or those who underwent DSRS with SPD. In conclusion, there are various surgical treatments for esophagogastric varices. Distal splenorenal shunt with SPD plus GT is considered an adequate treatment for patients with esophagogastric varices.