Gender,Ethnicity, and the Family Environment: Contributions to Assessment Efforts Within the Realm of Juvenile Justice*

Abstract: The present study examines potential variation in the family environments of African American and Caucasian males and females coming to the attention of the juvenile court. Results of initial analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures indicated a significant Gender × Ethnicity interaction on scores from the family/parenting domain of the Global Risk Assessment Device, such that African American and Caucasian women displayed the greatest family risks and needs. Further ANOVA procedures indicated that factors related to family, gender, and ethnicity were significant predictors of illegal behavior, and the presence of a Gender × Family interaction was detected, such that the presence of higher family risk and needs coincided with African American and Caucasian women reporting relatively equal prior offenses with their male counterparts.     

青少年卵巢肿瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨青少年卵巢肿瘤的CT表现和诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的29例青少年卵巢肿瘤的CT表现,并与手术、病理结果对照。结果29例中良性肿瘤18例,恶性肿瘤11例,其中生殖细胞肿瘤19例,占65.5%,上皮性肿瘤5例,占17.2%,非赘生性囊肿3例,占10.3%。性索间质肿瘤2例,占7%。CT显示囊性肿物17个,囊实性肿物6个,实性肿物10个。肿瘤合并出血者6个,肿瘤蒂扭转者5个;囊性肿物多见于良性肿瘤(17/20个,占85%),恶性肿瘤以实性肿物居多(9/13个,占69.2%)。结论CT对青少年卵巢肿瘤具有很高的诊断价值。     

Primetime television impacts on adolescents' impressions of bodyweight, sex appeal, and food and beverage consumption

Television viewing is ubiquitous in adolescent culture, but the influence of television characters on adolescent behaviours and social norms is not well understood. We conducted a content analysis of 10 television programmes frequently watched by 12‐ to 17‐year‐olds in the US media market. From these data, a survey was developed to determine how adolescents interact with, and are influenced by, television programmes, especially in relation to bodyweight, sex appeal, and food and beverage consumption. The survey was posted online, and students (12–19 years) from across the state of Arizona, USA, completed it electronically (n = 524). Data were assessed by tabulation, principal axis factor analysis and linear regression analysis. The results showed 12% of sample members had a body mass index (BMI)‐for‐age over the 95th percentile, 50% reported watching >2 h of television each day, and 59% reported accruing < 60 min of exercise and physical activity each day. Over 35% of respondents indicated eating pizza and pasta frequently. Beer and wine were seen as the most frequently consumed beverages on television, while 63.9% of sample members reported soda as their personal beverage of choice. Factor extraction from the survey indicated a three‐factor solution (‘sex appeal’, ‘TV viewers and perceivers’, ‘TV viewers and doers’) provided the best conceptual explanation of the data, accounting for 34.7% of the total variance. Significant predictors (r² = 0.448) of BMI‐for‐age included urbanicity (β = 5.6), gender (β = ?14.5) and survey questions related to bodyweight perceptions. Our data showed that television's focus on sex appeal, thinness and alcohol may have a powerful impact on adolescents’ self‐esteem, body satisfaction and health behaviours. Innovative approaches related to decreased television viewing, household eating environment and media literacy warrant further exploration.     

A prospective randomized trial of an urban general practice attachment for medical students

A randomized controlled trial was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a new model for providing urban general practice attachments for final-year medical students at the Flinders University of South Australia. All the student groups in that year were randomized prospectively to either the standard student attachment, as run by the university, or to an attachment organized by a project team from a local network of general practitioners. Students in the intervention group had their personal learning goals assessed and matched with their general practice preceptors, and the students were set a task that developed their contact with other health resources in the community. Results from an evaluation questionnaire completed by the students at the end of their terms showed that the students in the intervention group rated their general practice preceptors more highly, had more contact with allied health and community organizations, felt that they had met their own learning goals to a greater extent, and enjoyed their term more. Student examination results showed that the students in the intervention group did not perform as well in one of the four areas of their end of term examination as did the students in the standard attachment. The additional cost of providing the intervention was estimated to be A$340 per student. We conclude that long-term decisions about adopting this new model of organizing general practice attachments on a wider scale will need to balance the apparent benefits against the increased resources required.     

贵阳市婴幼儿和青少年发育调查研究：Ⅱ.正常儿童生长发育研究

对１５００名正常婴幼儿及青少年进行身高，体重调查，并统计尺桡骨，腕骨，掌指骨的骨发育分值，研究几种骨发育指标之间的相关关系，结果表明我市儿发育明显提前，提示手腕部的骨化情况可作为评估儿童发育的指标。     

Bipolar offspring: a window into bipolar disorder evolution.

Children of parents with bipolar disorder (bipolar offspring) represent a rich cohort for study with potential for illumination of prodromal forms of bipolar disorder. Due to their high-risk nature, bipolar offspring may present phenomenological, temperamental, and biological clues to early presentations of bipolar disorder. This article reviews the evidence for establishing bipolar offspring as a high-risk cohort, the studies which point to possible prodromal states in bipolar offspring, biological findings in bipolar offspring which may be indicators of even higher risk for bipolar disorder, initial attempts at early intervention in prodromal pediatric bipolar disorder, and implications for future research.