西安市雁塔区机井水与城市集中供水水质分析

目的针对西安市雁塔区机井水的水质状况存在的问题，比较机井水与城市集中供水的水质质量，以加强对机井水用水企业单位的监管。方法收集西安市雁塔区2008、2009、2010年的水质检测报告156份，依据水源类型分为机井水（78份）和城市集中供水（78份），检测项目30项，采用SPSS13．0统计软件进行显著性统计分析。站果机井水中铁（1．78mg／L）、锰（0．33mg／L）、总硬度（672．25mg／L）、硫酸盐（110．68mg／L）、氯化物（134．23mg／L）、溶解性总固体（1279．00mg／L）、氟化物（1．06mg／L）、细菌总数（1．5×10^4CFU／mL）、大肠菌群（8MPN／100mL）的最高检测值高于国家生活引用水卫生标准；城市集中供水检测项目均符合国家生活引用水卫生标准；总硬度（t=12．09，P〈0．05）、硫酸盐（t=5．69，P〈0．05）、氯化物（t=9．043，P〈0．05）、溶解性总固体（t=10．57，P〈0．05）、氟化物（t=2．08，P=0．041〈O．05）、细菌总数（t=2．47，P=0．016〈0．05）、大肠菌群（t=2．20，P=0．031〈0．05）7项检测项目在机井水与城市供水组的水质上存在显著性差异。结论西安市雁塔区机井水的水质状况劣于城市集中供水，应切实加强对机井水用水企业单位的监管，加快城市集中供水的全区覆盖面。     

Welcome back survey: exploring concerns impacting HIV care engagement and retention

The current study describes the development of a short pre-clinic survey that helped multidiscipline providers to elicit patient perspective on barriers to HIV primary care. The survey was piloted with 318 patients returning to care after being lost to care for at least 12 months. Reasons for breaks in care were dependent on age, gender, and race. Concerns about confidentiality in care were more commonly reported by African-American, Latino, and younger patients, while concerns relating to acceptance of diagnosis and side effects were greater for women, African-American, and Latino participants. Further, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and transportation were greater concerns for women and younger patients in the sample.     

Distinctive Mutation Spectrum of the HBB Gene in an Urban Eastern Indian Population

Hemoglobinopathies such as β-thalassemia (β-thal) and sickle cell anemia (or Hb S [β6(A3)Glu→Val]) impose a major health burden in the Indian population. To determine the frequencies of the HBB gene mutations in eastern Indian populations and to compare with the available data, a comprehensive molecular analysis of the HBB gene was done in the normal Odisha State population. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) and DNA sequencing techniques, β-thal and sickle cell anemia mutations were characterized in 267 healthy individuals. Entire HBB gene sequencing showed 63 different mutations including 11 new ones. The predominant mutation HBB: c.9T?>?C was observed at a high frequency (19.57%) in the normal population. In the urban population of Odisha State, India, carrier frequency of hemoglobinopathies was found to be 18.48%, and for β-thal, the carrier rate was 14.13%, which is very high indeed. In the absence of a complete cure by any expensive treatment and drug administration, this information would be helpful for planning a population screening program and establishing prenatal diagnosis of β-thal in order to reduce the burden of such a genetic disease.     

Social support,rural/urban residence,and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults

This study aims to examine the extent to which people are socially integrated and the association between social support and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults, with regard to the moderating effect of the rural or urban residence. The author used data from the China health and longitudinal study (CHARLS), a nationally representative longitudinal survey of the population of adults aged over 45 in China. A total of 16,372 participants were included in this study, and the mean age of the sample was 59.7. Three variables were used to measure participants' social support: family size, proximity of support, and social involvement. The Chinese version of 10-item center for epidemiologic studies depression scale was used as a measurement tool for depressive symptoms. The findings demonstrate that small family size, living with a spouse, frequency of contact with children, and a number of social activities have significant effects on depressive symptoms. For all aspects of social support, the influence on depressive symptoms is not significantly different between urban and rural areas. Family support, especially the support of a spouse is crucial to prevent depression. This study also identifies the vital effect of social activity and encourages the government to improve public services, especially in rural areas.     

‘I feel safer in the streets than at home’: Rethinking harm reduction for women in the urban margins

ABSTRACT

Through qualitative data collected with women affected by drug use and drug-related violence in Bogotá, this article explores the convergence of harm reduction rationales and violence prevention programming in the urban margins to advocate for women’s health empowerment and health rights as victims of intergenerational trauma and violence. We propose a methodological shift of public health praxis from street-based outreach models to intimate spaces of intervention for health outcomes embodiment ¹ 1 Drawing from Krieger’s (2004) conceptualisation, we define embodiment as the stories our bodies hold and how they interact with the urban environment. as we continue to develop our community health model to work with marginalised communities in the urban global South. Through this work committed to social justice in marginalised urban communities, we seek to support women’s health needs through harm reduction in historically marginalised communities in urban settings. Our results expose how multi-level gender-based violence affects women’s health in their living spaces in the urban margins. Drawing from women’s voices and narratives of urban violence, we call for a feminist alternative to traditionally masculinist and public-space oriented harm reduction practice for health empowerment in the urban margins.