Stability in infant frontal asymmetry as a predictor of toddlerhood internalizing and externalizing behaviors

Stability in frontal brain electrical activity (i.e., electroencephalographic or EEG) asymmetry at 10 and 24 months was examined with respect to maternal ratings of internalizing and externalizing behaviors at 30 months in a sample of 48 children. Children with stable left frontal EEG asymmetry during infancy were rated higher in externalizing behaviors by their mothers, whereas children with stable right frontal EEG asymmetry were rated higher in internalizing behaviors. These findings highlight the need to focus on the early stability in physiological measures that may be implicated later in developing behavioral problems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52:158–167, 2010     

大于胎龄儿脐血脂联素水平测定及其临床意义研究

目的探讨血脂联素水平与大于胎龄儿发生的关系。方法研究对象为大于胎龄儿和适于胎龄儿各30例。应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定脐血和产妇血脂联素浓度,用免疫比浊法测定甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TCH)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-c)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-c)的水平;并分析脐血脂联素水平与母血脂联素、新生儿性别、出生体重、体重指数、胎盘重量和血脂水平的相关性。结果①大于胎龄儿脐血浆脂联素水平低于适于胎龄儿,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01=;大于胎龄儿血TG、TCH、LDL-c、HDL-c的水平与适于胎龄儿比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。②大于胎龄儿血浆脂联素水平与新生儿出生体重、BM I、胎盘重量、脐血TG水平均呈显著负相关(r分别=-0.848、-0.785、-0.835,P均<0.001=,与母血脂联素水平、新生儿身长、孕前和分娩时产妇体重及其BM I、其它脐血脂成分无相关性(P>0.05)。母血脂联素水平与上述因素无相关性(P>0.05)③大于胎龄儿男婴和女婴脐血浆脂联素、血脂各成分水平比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论血脂联素水平的变化与大于胎龄儿的发生有关,测定脐血脂联素水平有助于判断大于胎龄儿的发展趋势,为早期预防糖尿病、心血管疾病等多种肥胖相关性疾病的发生开拓新的思路。     

Maternal effects in infant and adult phenotypes of 5HT1A and 5HT1B receptor knockout mice

The influence of the pre- and postweaning maternal environment on the offspring's phenotype was examined in 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor knockout mice (KO1A and KO1B, respectively). We have previously shown that, when born to and raised by homozygous dams of the same genotype, adult KO1A are more anxious than wild-type (WT) mice, and adult KO1B are hyperactive and slightly less anxious than WT mice. We extend our studies here to the behavioral results of the offspring's own genotype, when the dam's genotype is constant, and the effects of the dam's genotype when the offspring's genotype is constant. In Experiments 1 and 2, KO1A-/- pups produced less ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) than controls in an isolation test on postnatal Day 7 when born to and reared by KO1A dams, either -/- or +/-. Heterozygous F1 pups reared by KO1A-/- dams produced more USV and were less anxious in the plus-maze at 2 to 3 months of age than F1 pups born to and reared by WT dams (Experiment 3). F1 pups reared by KO1B-/- dams produced less USV and were more anxious in the plus-maze than F1 pups reared by WT dams (Experiment 4). The results support a role for maternal effects that may comprise direct effects such as the dam's behavior and nutritional care of the pup, and possibly more complex indirect effects through the establishment of idiosyncratic dam-pup dyadic interactions. We recommend that breeding techniques that rely on same genotype (mutant-mutant or WT-WT) breeding pairs not be used to generate offspring when the focus of research is the study of gene function, but rather when familial effects need to be studied.     

Intestinal microbiota in infants at high risk for allergy: Effects of prebiotics and role in eczema development

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161例低出生体重儿输血后巨细胞病毒感染情况调查分析

目的 研究探讨低出生体重儿血液制品输注的安全性.方法 收集161例输血（巨细胞病毒血清检测阴性）的低出生体重儿的尿液,利用荧光定量PCR的方法检测其巨细胞病毒的滴度,同时结合临床症状来评估低出生体重儿输血后巨细胞病毒的感染情况.结果 25例输注悬浮红细胞的患儿输血后,2例中患儿尿液中巨细胞病毒检测阳性;101例少白悬浮红细胞输注的患儿输血后,尿液中巨细胞病毒检测结果均为阴性;35例输注洗涤红细胞的患儿输血后,尿液中巨细胞病毒检测结果均为阴性（0％）.结论 输注巨细胞病毒血清检测阴性的少白悬浮红细胞与洗涤红细胞感染巨细胞病毒的几率与输注悬浮红细胞的感染几率有显著差异（P＜0.05）.     

Application of continuous positive airway pressure in the delivery room: a multicenter randomized clinical trial

This study evaluated whether the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the delivery room alters the need for mechanical ventilation and surfactant during the first 5 days of life and modifies the incidence of respiratory morbidity and mortality during the hospital stay. The study was a multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted in five public university hospitals in Brazil, from June 2008 to December 2009. Participants were 197 infants with birth weight of 1000-1500 g and without major birth defects. They were treated according to the guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics (APP). Infants not intubated or extubated less than 15 min after birth were randomized for two treatments, routine or CPAP, and were followed until hospital discharge. The routine (n=99) and CPAP (n=98) infants studied presented no statistically significant differences regarding birth characteristics, complications during the prenatal period, the need for mechanical ventilation during the first 5 days of life (19.2 vs 23.4%, P=0.50), use of surfactant (18.2 vs 17.3% P=0.92), or respiratory morbidity and mortality until discharge. The CPAP group required a greater number of doses of surfactant (1.5 vs 1.0, P=0.02). When CPAP was applied to the routine group, it was installed within a median time of 30 min. We found that CPAP applied less than 15 min after birth was not able to reduce the need for ventilator support and was associated with a higher number of doses of surfactant when compared to CPAP applied as clinically indicated within a median time of 30 min.     

广州市5岁以下儿童病毒性腹泻流行特征

目的了解广州市5岁以下儿童4种主要腹泻病毒的流行病学特征。方法收集广州市2008年哨点医院门诊腹泻患儿粪便686份,采用ELISA法检测轮状病毒、腺病毒和星状病毒抗原,用RIDASCREEN ELISA试剂盒进行诺如病毒抗原检测,并对以上腹泻患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果686份标本中,4种病毒的阳性率：轮状病毒为34．0％、诺如病毒为20．7％、腺病毒为6．0％、星状病毒为1．2％,其中有混合感染的病例数占5．1％．以轮状病毒混合其他病毒感染为主,占85．7％。4种病毒阳性率男女差异无统计学意义,不同年龄组间阳性率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,与年龄有关,均以2岁以下患儿为主,分别占阳性总数的93．1％、92．3％、87．8％和100％。轮状病毒有明显的季节特征,10～12月份为发病高峰,诺如病毒等常年均有发病,无特殊的时间分布。混合感染的患儿腹泻症状较重（P〈0．05）。结论4种病毒均有检出,以轮状病毒和诺如病毒为主,秋冬季为发病高峰,2岁以下为发病高危人群,同时混合感染现象值得关注。     

Facilitators and Barriers to Implementation of Safe Infant Sleep Recommendations in the Hospital Setting

ObjectiveTo identify facilitators and barriers to the implementation of safe sleep recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics from the perspective of hospital staff as part of a needs assessment that was used to design a successful quality improvement intervention to change clinical practice.DesignQualitative design.SettingMultiple sites of three hospitals in the northeastern and southern United States.ParticipantsWe used purposeful sampling to identify 46 participants who cared for infants on inpatient hospital units (nurses and other staff members).MethodsA qualitative researcher used grounded theory to moderate the focus groups. We constructed the initial interview guide and then changed it as needed to capture more information about new ideas as they arose. Researchers from diverse backgrounds participated in the analysis and used the constant comparative method to select important concepts and to develop codes and subsequent themes. We continued to collect data until saturation was reached.ResultsWe identified themes and subthemes, and the taxonomy fit into the Grol and Wensing framework for change in clinical practice. The six primary themes included The Innovation Itself, The Individual Health Care Professional, The Patient, The Social Context, The Organizational Context, and The Economic and Political Context.ConclusionParticipants described facilitators and barriers to the implementation of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for safe infant sleep. Identification of these themes informed our quality improvement intervention to promote safe infant sleep. Findings can be used by others when faced with the need for similar change.     

广州地区早产儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症筛查结果分析

目的探讨早产儿与新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减低症（congenitalhypot hyroidism,CH）筛查各个阶段筛查结果的关系。方法选择2011年10月-2012年9月间进行新生儿筛查的干血片209860例,按照胎龄分为早产儿组、对照组1（足月儿组）、对照组2（过期产儿组）用免疫酶荧光法测定新生儿干血片促甲状腺素（thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH）值,筛查阳性患儿及时召回测定TSH、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（free triiodothyronine,FT3）、游离甲状腺素（free thyroxine,FT4）并作出诊断,并对早产儿组与对照组初筛阳性结果和确诊结果进行分析。结果早产儿组的初筛阳性率要低于足月儿组和过期产儿组,差别有统计学意义,早产儿组CH发病率要高于足月儿,差别有统计学意义,不同胎龄、出生体重早产儿的CH发病率存在线性相关,胎龄越小、出生体重越低,CH发病率越高。结论为了防止早产儿TsH延迟升高所带来的筛查假阴性,在新生儿筛查阶段对早产儿宜推迟采集测定足跟血TSH,加强围生期的保健和管理,减少早产儿的出生对于降低CH发病率,提高出生人口素质有着积极的意义。     

极低出生体质量儿闪光视觉诱发电位检测的临床意义

目的 研究极低出生体质量儿闪光刺激视觉诱发电位(FVEP)检测的临床意义.方法 应用英国Oxford公司Medelecsynergy诱发电位仪对43例极低出生体质量儿进行FVEP检测,并选择56例正常足月儿做对照.结果 极低出生体质量儿N1、P1、N2波潜伏期值分别为(181.43±26.73)ms、(217.27±26.54)ms、(249.21±26.49)ms,足月儿分别为(159.51±18.27)ms、(200.26±13.94)ms、(231.56±5.72)ms,两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05,P＜0.001).极低出生体质量儿P1波的异常率为75.6%,足月儿为0.极低出生体质量儿P1波异常相关影响因素的主效应模型为3.898-2.861颅内病变,颅内病变是独立影响因素(OR=0.057,95%CI 0.006～0.579,P=0.015).结论 极低出生体质量儿FVEP检测P1波异常率高,FVEP异常改变与颅内病变关系密切.极低出生体质量儿在生后1个月内和矫正胎龄42周后至少进行两次FVEP检查,动态观察FVEP改变.