HIV-1 subtype frequency in Northeast Brazil: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Information on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) molecular epidemiology is required to verify HIV/AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) epidemic dynamics in different regions, as well as provide support for response to antiretroviral therapy, transmission of resistance mutations, disease progression, and viral spread. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the frequency of HIV-1 subtypes in Northeast Brazil. Seventy-six articles that refer to HIV-1 and its subtypes in the Northeast Brazil and published between 1 January 1999 and 31 August 2019 were identified. We included 27 articles for the qualitative synthesis, thus analyzing results from 4466 patients and 4298 genomic sequences. The results showed that subtypes B, F, and C and recombinant BF were responsible for 76% (IC95%: 71-80), 8% (IC95%: 5-11), 2% (IC95%: 2-3), and 7% (IC95%: 4-12) infections, respectively. The highest proportion of subtype B infections (82.2%) was observed in Piauí, while the subtype F had a high frequency in Pernambuco (23.4%). Bahia presented 11.6% of the proportion of recombinant BF. In addition, several recombinants such as AG, BC, BCF, and BD have been identified in the region. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the HIV-1 subtype distribution in Northeast Brazil and has shown a high circulating viral diversity. Although subtype B is predominant in Brazil, a large frequency of non-B subtypes has also been found, which may have consequences for response to antiretroviral therapy, disease progression, and transmission. Thus, HIV molecular epidemiological data are essential for epidemic prevention and control strategies.     

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) Expression in Different Subtypes of Ameloblastoma

Background

Ameloblastoma is a common benign odontogenic tumor of the jaw with a local invasive and highly destructive behavior and can develop in any age, with peak prevalence in 3rd–4th decade. Ameloblastoma can be divided into six histological types: follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, desmoplastic, granular, and basal cell. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) (92-kD gelatinase/type IV collagenases = gelatinase B) is involved in bone resorption by degradation of extracellular matrix and osteoclasts recruitment. Recent studies have found that MMP-9 is expressed by ameloblastoma and has a role in ameloblastoma local invasiveness.

Objective

To analyze MMP-9 expression between different histological types of ameloblastoma.

Material and Method

Forty samples of ameloblastoma were collected through consecutive sampling and the MMP-9 expression was detected using immunohistochemistry.

Result

All samples showed positive MMP-9 expression with moderate to strong intensity. 82.4 % plexiform type and 83.3 % mixed type have strong immunoexpression, significantly different with follicular type with only 36.4 % (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Ameloblastoma plexiform and mixed type have higher MMP-9 expression than ameloblastoma follicular type. Different MMP-9 expression may contribute in different ameloblastoma biological behavior.     

Association between molecular subtypes and lymph node status in invasive breast cancer

Background: The predictors for the involvement of lymph node (LN) have been widely studied. But the implication of the molecular type has not been well studied. Using the database of our institution, we investigated this relation. Methods: Patients with T1 and T2 primary breast cancer without distant metastasis were included in our study from 2012 Jan to 2013 Dec. All patients undertook the resection of the primary and the axillary lymph nodes (ALNs). We collected the clinical data including age at diagnosis, the status of ER, PR and HER2, tumor size, nodal status, and histological type. The relationship between demographic, tumor characteristics and lymph node status was evaluated. Results: 814 patients were included in our study. The number and the percentage (in parentheses) of each type of breast cancer is as follows: Luminal A 230 (28.3%), Luminal Her2- 284 (34.9%), Luminal Her2+ 104 (12.8%), HER2+ 72 (8.8%), TNBC 124 (15.2%). On univariate and multivariate analysis, tumor size and tumor subtype show statistical significance with LN involvement. Using TNBC as a reference, both Luminal B type (Luminal HER2-, Luminal HER2+) shows significant higher probability of LN involvement. Conclusions: LN involvement is an intrinsic characteristic for molecular subtype of breast cancer. Triple positive and triple negative breast cancer accounts the most and least possibility of LN involvement.     

DCE-MRI与DWI直方图分析评估乳腺癌分子分型、预后和新辅助治疗的研究进展

乳腺癌的高度异质性影响病人治疗方案选择和临床预后。相较于传统影像特征,动态增强MRI(DCE-MRI)和扩散加权成像(DWI)直方图可以深入挖掘肿瘤内无法通过肉眼观察的信息,提供更多反映肿瘤异质性的量化指标,从而提供更多有价值、可靠的临床诊疗及决策信息。就DCE-MRI和DWI直方图分析应用于乳腺癌的分子分型、预后因素及新辅助治疗疗效方面的研究进展进行综述。     

718例浸润性乳腺癌分子分型中CK5/6和EGFR的表达及临床病理分析

目的 探讨CK5/6和EGFR在浸润性乳腺癌(invasive breast carcinoma,IBC)分子分型中的表达及相关性.方法 采用免疫组化法检测718例IBC中CK5/6、EGFR、ER、PR、HER-2及Ki-67蛋白的表达,分析CK5/6、EGFR与IBC组织学类型、分子分型及其他相关标志物之间的关系....     

Impact of Neoadjuvant Versus Adjuvant Chemotherapy on the Extent of Axillary Surgery for Clinically Node-Negative Breast Cancers of Triple-Negative and HER2-Overexpressing Phenotypes

BackgroundBreast cancer patients with triple-negative or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-overexpressing phenotypes are recommended to receive chemotherapy for primary tumors greater than 1 cm regardless of nodal status. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may eradicate subclinical nodal metastases and reduce the extent of axillary surgery performed.Patients and MethodsA query of the National Cancer Database Participant User File was performed for new cases of female breast cancer from 2012 to 2015. Inclusion criteria were clinical N0 status, receipt of chemotherapy, and receipt of axillary surgery. Exclusions included hormone-positive/HER2-negative tumors and/or distant metastatic disease. Subjects were divided into groups by receipt of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. The primary end point was the extent of axillary surgery, defined as sentinel lymph node biopsy alone or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Subgroup analyses were performed on the basis of tumor phenotype and surgery of the primary site.ResultsA total of 66,771 female patients were included, 15,967 of whom underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. ALND rates were higher in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (30.6% vs. 28.8%, P < .001). Among tumor phenotypes, the extent of axillary surgery was reduced most significantly for hormone-negative, HER2-positive disease (30.0% vs. 25.8%, P < .001). ALND rates were more substantially reduced for patients who underwent mastectomy (41.3% vs. 36.1%, P < .001) compared to partial mastectomy (21.8% vs. 20.1%, P = .002). Adjuvant chemotherapy was an independent predictor of ALND (odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.33).ConclusionNeoadjuvant chemotherapy reduces the extent of axillary surgery in clinically node-negative, nonluminal breast cancers.