Increasing heterosexual transmission of HIV‐1 subtype C in Inland Central Western Brazil

The molecular epidemiology of HIV‐1 in Brazil is complex and heterogeneous because several subtypes co‐circulate with some important regional differences. This study evaluated HIV‐1 subtypes amongst pregnant women living in the metropolitan area and in the interior cities from central western Brazil. From June 2008 to June 2010, 86.9% of confirmed cases of HIV‐1 infection amongst pregnant women (172 out of 198 cases) were recruited in Goiania/Goias state. The HIV‐1 pol gene was sequenced after nested‐PCR. HIV‐1 subtypes were assigned by REGA, phylogenetic, and bootscan analyses. The median age of participants was 26 years (15–41 years range); 58.7% of participants were diagnosed during prenatal care and 51.7% of participants came from >50 interior cities within Goias state. Amongst the 131 HIV‐1 pol sequences, 64.9% were subtype B, 13.0% were BF1 recombinant, 11.4% were subtype C, 7.6% were subtype F1, and 2.3% were BC recombinant. According to the HIV‐1 diagnosis date (1994–2010), a significant increase in subtype C and a decrease of BF1 mosaics were observed over time. All subtype C patients lived in interior cities where the highest prevalence of subtype C outside southern Brazil was observed (18.4%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple independent introductions of the Brazilian subtype C clade from the southern/southeastern regions of Brazil. The HIV‐1 epidemic in women from central western Brazil infected by the heterosexual route is characterized by an unexpectedly high prevalence of subtype C viruses highly related to those circulating in southern/southeastern Brazil. These findings highlight the importance of molecular surveillance programs outside large metropolitan regions in Brazil. J. Med. Virol. 85:396–404, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

人乳头瘤病毒基因亚型与宫颈病变的相关性及临床意义

目的探讨人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)基因亚型与宫颈病变的相关性及临床意义。方法选取2019年在济南市天桥人民医院妇科就诊患者864例作为研究对象,采集患者宫颈细胞进行HPV基因检测并实施宫颈病理活检,组织切片取样行病理学检查,比较HPV基因亚型与病理诊断结果并进行相关性分析。结果864例患者中,正常或炎症宫颈620例,宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅰ级58例,CINⅡ级36例,CINⅢ级88例,宫颈癌62例。HPV阳性检出率随宫颈病变程度不断加重而升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。伴随病情不断发展,HPV 16型在不同宫颈病变中的阳性检出率逐渐升高,在宫颈癌患者中同样也是HPV 16型阳性检出优势明显,为77.4%(48/62)。HPV多重感染在不同宫颈病变中的检出情况:正常及炎症11.3%,CINⅠ级17.2%,CINⅡ级27.8%,CINⅢ级29.5%,宫颈癌9.7%;宫颈癌中HPV多重感染占比明显更少,更多的是单一HPV基因型感染,且感染类型全部为高危型。结论随着宫颈病变程度不断加重,HPV阳性检出率随之逐渐升高;宫颈癌中HPV基因亚型主要包括:HPV 16、33、52型。     

Renal tumor with alpha b crystallin expression

In human, proximal convoluted tubules and thin limbs of Henle show expression of αB crystallin. Renal cell carcinoma also showed expression of αB crystallin in previous reports. We aimed to study the association between αB crystallin expression and renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma. Furthermore, we also investigated αB crystallin expression depending on the subtype of renal cell carcinoma and examined the relationship between αB crystallin expression and survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma. In our study, αB crystallin expression was different according to the type of tumor. A greater proportion of the clear cell type (52/77, 67.5%) and papillary type (4/4, 100%) showed reactivity compared to the chromophobe type (0/10, 0%). In the present study, a significantly greater number of renal cell carcinomas showed strong expression of αB crystallin (56/91, 61.5%) compared to urothelial carcinoma (P=7.967e-07). Therefore, αB crystallin might be a significant marker of renal cell carcinoma and might help to determine the type of renal tumor in cases of poorly differentiated kidney lesions and metastatic lesions. αB crystallin expression was not related to overall survival in univariate and multivariate models. In our study, alpha B crystallin could not be considered a prognostic marker of renal cell carcinoma.     

MicroRNA profiling in periampullary carcinoma

BackgroundMicroRNA expression patterns in many physiological and oncogenic processes have been established. However, the role of aberrant miRNA expression in periampullary carcinoma (PAC) has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that PAC may have differential expression of miRNAs which may differentiate the tumor histological subtypes.MethodsFresh paired tumor and control samples were collected from the PAC patients undergoing Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy. Microarray miRNA profiling was performed utilizing tumor (n = 40) and control tissues; adjacent normal pancreas (n = 22), six each distal CBD, duodenum and ampulla. Data obtained was subjected to statistical and bioinformatic analysis. Differentially expressed miRNAs obtained were validated using qPCR in an independent set of samples.ResultsComparison of PAC tissue samples with controls revealed 29 common and differentially expressed miRNAs (20 upregulated and 9 downregulated) with a higher statistical significance (p < 0.001) and fold change (log2 FC > 1.5). A subset of 16 miRNAs (15 overexpressed and 1 underexpressed) differed in expression levels between pancreatobiliary and intestinal subtypes. Among these, miR-375, miR-31 and miR-196a expressions varied significantly between histological subtypes. Differential expression profiles of miRNAs specific to TNM staging was also observed in PAC subtypes. Target gene prediction for the differentially expressed miRNAs in PAC revealed that target genes are enriched for certain pathways. Particularly, Wnt signaling pathway genes appear to be relevant targets for most of the differentially expressed miRNAs.ConclusionDifferentially expressed common miRNA signatures identified in PAC subgroups may have a role in pathogenesis of PAC and miR-375, miR-31 and miR-196a expression patterns may differentiate PAC subtypes.     

Long-Term Survival Analysis of Korean Breast Cancer Patients at a Single Center: Improving Outcome Over Time

Purpose

The prognosis of breast cancer has been consistently improving. We analyzed our cohort of breast cancer patients with a long-term follow up at a single center over time.

Materials and Methods

A total of 1889 patients with known cancer stages were recruited and analyzed between January 1991 and December 2005. Patients were classified according to the time periods (1991-1995; 1996-2000; 2001-2005). To determine intrinsic subtypes, 858 patients whose human epidermal growth receptor-2 status and Ki67 were reported between April 2004 and December 2008 were also analyzed.

Results

At a median follow up of 9.1 years, the 10-year overall survival (OS) rate was 80.5% for the entire cohort. On multivariate analysis for OS and recurrence-free survival (RFS), the time period was demonstrated to be a significant factor independent of conventional prognostic markers. In the survival analysis performed for each stage (I to III), OS and RFS significantly improved according to the time periods. Adoption of new agents in adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy was increased according to the elapsed time. In the patients with known subtypes, OS and RFS significantly differed among the subtypes, and the triple-negative subtype showed the worst outcome in stages II and III.

Conclusion

In the Korean breast cancer cohort with a long-term follow up, our data show an improved prognosis over the past decades, and harbor the contribution of advances in adjuvant treatment. Moreover, we provided new insight regarding comparison of the prognostic impact between the tumor burden and subtypes.     

Does Age at Onset of First Major Depressive Episode Indicate the Subtype of Major Depressive Disorder?: The Clinical Research Center for Depression Study

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of age at onset of the first major depressive episode on the clinical features of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) in a large cohort of Korean depressed patients.

Materials and Methods

We recruited 419 MDD patients of age over 18 years from the Clinical Research Center for Depression study in South Korea. At the start of the study, the onset age of the first major depressive episode was self-reported by the subjects. The subjects were divided into four age-at-onset subgroups: childhood and adolescent onset (ages <18), early adult onset (ages 18-44), middle adult onset (ages 45-59), and late onset (ages 60+). Using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and ordinal logistic regression analysis with adjusting the effect of age, the relationships between clinical features and age at onset of MDD were evaluated.

Results

There was an apparent, but inconsistent correlation between clinical features and age at onset. Earlier onset MDD was significantly associated with higher proportion of female gender [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.570, p=0.022], more previous suicide attempts (AOR=0.635, p=0.038), greater number of previous depressive episodes (F=3.475, p=0.016) and higher scores on the brief psychiatric rating scale (F=3.254, p=0.022), its negative symptom subscale (F=6.082, p<0.0001), and the alcohol use disorder identification test (F=7.061, p<0.0001).

Conclusion

Early age at onset may increase the likelihood of distinguishable MDD subtype, and age at onset of the first major depressive episode is a promising clinical indicator for the clinical presentation, course, and outcome of MDD.     

高脂血症、单核细胞亚型与动脉粥样硬化

单核细胞是天然免疫的重要组成部分,在血管炎症和动脉粥样硬化(As)中发挥重要作用。高脂血症可加速心血管疾病,尤其是As的进展。高脂血症时,循环单核细胞能吸收脂质,形成泡沫状单核细胞,改变表型,可能有助于动脉粥样硬化的发展。长期以来,单核细胞及其不同亚型对高脂血症的响应和对As的作用一直是人们研究的热点。本文探讨了人和小鼠的单核细胞亚型特点,高脂血症对单核细胞的影响,以及单核细胞对As的作用等,重点介绍了单核细胞通过脂质吞噬、泡沫细胞形成、巡逻以及迁移入斑块等途径影响As进程的研究进展。     

支气管肺发育不良患儿气管抽吸物单核细胞检测的临床意义研究

目的观察支气管肺发育不良(BPD)患儿气管抽吸物中单核细胞亚型的变化,借此探讨其与BPD的相关性。方法选取我院2018年1月至2019年6月需要机械通气治疗的呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)早产儿62例,其中BPD组(氧依赖超过28天)24例,对照组38组。流式细胞仪检测患儿气管抽吸物中单核细胞亚型M1和M2所占的比例,ELISA法检测TNF-α、IL-1和IL-10表达。结果两组早产儿气管抽吸物中单核细胞比例差异无显著性(P>0.05),BPD组M1占7.65±1.28%,显著高于对照组的3.57±0.54%(P<0.01),BPD组M2占3.38±0.44%,显著低于对照组的7.35±1.32%(P<0.01)。BPD组早产儿气管抽吸物中TNF-α和IL-1表达显著高于对照组(P<0.01),BPD组IL-10表达显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论BPD患者单核细胞M1亚型比例显著升高,M2亚型比例显著减低。     

基底细胞样乳腺癌的病理诊断

目的:探讨基底细胞样乳腺癌的病理形态特征,免疫表型、鉴别诊断及最新的研究进展。方法：观察20例基底细胞样乳腺癌的组织形态、免疫组化特点及临床资料,结合文献进行分析。结果：20例均为女性,年龄25-71,平均年龄45岁;镜下形态学特征主要包括推挤样边缘,地图样坏死,高级别核及核分裂易见。免疫组织化学结果：ER、PR、CerbB2均阴性表达,CK5/6有15例明显表达,占75%,5例弱表达,占25%,EGFR在7例病例中有表达,占35%。结论：基底细胞样乳腺癌是一种特殊类型的乳腺癌,具有独特的形态学特征及免疫表型,是一种独立亚型,应该提高对此类疾病的认识。     

鸭源H7N9亚型禽流感病毒感染SPF鸡转录组学分析

目的 为了分析鸭源H7N9亚型禽流感病毒感染SPF鸡后宿主基因表达水平的变化。方法 以鸭源H7N9亚型禽流感病毒感染SPF鸡,收集肺脏进行高通量测序。结果 与对照组相比,感染组得到差异表达基因740个,其中上调基因有602个,下调基因有138个。GO条目分析发现,差异基因主要涉及免疫应答反应和炎症反应等。经KEGG 数据库比对注释及富集分析显示有7个通路富集显著,其中Toll-like信号通路有11个基因表达上调,分别为IL-6、TLR4、PIK3、IRF7、MD-2、IRF5、MYD88、CD86、STAT1、TLR2和CCL4,NOD-like受体信号通路有7个基因表达上调,分别为IRF7、CTSB、P2RX7、CYBB、PSTPIP1、HSP90AA1和NAMPT。结论 鸭源H7N9亚型病毒感染SPF鸡后,免疫相关基因表达明显增强。在Toll-like信号通路中, TLR4在MD-2的协助下被激活,随后依赖MYD88途径激活下游的IRF5,继而引起CCL4、IL-6显著表达。同时NLRP3炎症体在H7N9亚型病毒感染过程中也发挥着重要作用。