Friendship at Any Cost: Parent Perspectives on Cyberbullying Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Bullying affects approximately 40% of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Cyberbullying, a type of bullying facilitated by electronic devices, may be particularly worrisome for parents of children with IDD as constant monitoring is difficult. In this study, ten parents of Special Olympics Maryland athletes completed a survey and participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Interview questions were based on the routine activities theory, whichposits that crime requires a vulnerable target, motivated offender, and lack of effective monitoring. Sixty percent of parents reported that their child with IDD had been bullied at school and, although quantitative analysis indicated no cyberbullying exposure, qualitative analysis implied two children had been cyberbullied. Results suggest parents perceive that individuals with IDD are vulnerable to cyberbullying, require constant monitoring, and have unique resource needs. Cyberbullying is an important health issue for those with IDD; additional research and targeted resources are needed.     

不同化学染色法对日本血吸虫虫卵染色的效果分析

目的探索不同化学染色法对日本血吸虫虫卵染色的效果,以期获得在镜检下可分辨虫卵和粪渣的染色方法,为粪检血吸虫虫卵的计算机自动化识别奠定基础。方法用AO-EB、罗丹明、中性红、酸性品红、甲苯胺兰、台盼蓝、考马斯亮蓝和孔雀绿等化学染料,选择3个不同浓度和2个不同温度条件,分别对含日本血吸虫虫卵粪液进行染色、涂片镜检,用虫卵和粪渣反差程度作为主要评价指标,比较各种方法的染色效果。结果在8种化学染色方法中,以AO-EB染色和中性红染色的虫卵与粪渣其反差最大,镜下粪涂片中虫卵易于辨认,AO-EB法和中性红法的检出率分别为67.5%和65.0%,明显高于改良加藤法的检出率(40.0%)。结论AO-EB法和中性红染色法有助于提高粪检血吸虫虫卵检出率。     

Frequency of sensitization to common allergens: comparison between Europe and the USA

Background: Previously, contact allergy to formaldehyde and quaternium‐15 was found to be more prevalent in the United States than in Europe. No such data have been assessed for other contact allergens. Objective: Determine any differences in frequencies of sensitization to contact allergens in the United States and Europe. Methods: Literature study. Comparison of reported frequencies of sensitization to contact allergens routinely tested both in the United States and Europe in recent, large, multicentre studies. Because of the heterogeneity of studies and background parameters, statistical evaluation was not attempted. Results: Major differences were found only for neomycin (USA 10.0–11.8%, mean 11.4%; Europe 1.2–5.4%, mean 2.6%). Most allergens had somewhat higher prevalence in the United States, with rates versus Europe ranging from 1.3 to 1.9. Conclusions: Contact allergy to neomycin is much more prevalent in the United States. Stricter selection of patients for patch testing in United States tertiary referral centres may result in 50% more positive reactions compared to European studies.     

胃癌合并胃穿孔的诊疗分析

目的分析胃癌合并胃穿孔的诊断和治疗。方法收集整理我院诊治的38例胃癌合并胃穿孔患者的临床资料和手术情况,分析病例的手术方式、并发症和存活率。结果三者并发症发生情况比较,根治性切除术并发症发生率明显低于其他手术方式,三者病例生存期比较,根治性切除术术后生存期明显长于其他两种手术方式。结论胃癌合并胃穿孔采用根治性切除术手术效果优于姑息性切除术和穿孔修补术。     

2005年胶州市部分企业女工苯危害状况调查

[目的]了解低苯环境对女工健康的影响，从而采取预防措施，保护女工健康。[方法]采取左手中指或无名指指尖血，按要求对其用血细胞分析仪进行测量。并把同期女工上岗前女工的血象作为对照。[结果]我们共调查了8个制鞋和制箱包企业的8069名女工，其中275人血象低于正常，发生率为3．41％，高于同期上岗前女工的低血象发生率1．11％。[结论]低浓度苯环境对作业女工的健康影响是客观存在的，应该引起重视。     

妊高征患者血常规及凝血象临床分析

目的:探讨妊高征患者血常规及凝血象与病情的关系。方法:回顾性分析我院116例妊高征患者的血常规及凝血象主要指标并与15例正常妊娠妇女作比较。结果:HGB、PLT在妊高征组降低,HCT、MPV、PDW在妊高征组升高,重度妊高征组中PT、APTT比正常妊娠组明显缩短,而FIB增加。结论:临床上可用血常规及凝血象等多指标联合检测,及早预防和诊断妊高征,并采取有效的干预措施,预防妊高征的发生与发展,改善妊娠结局。     

学龄前儿童红细胞系列参数及体内必需元素调查

目的:调查北京市区学龄前儿童红细胞系列参数及体内必需元素水平,探讨儿童贫血与必需元素之间及必需元素相互间的关系。方法:采用ADVIA120血液分析仪检测北京市区学龄前健康体检儿童静脉血常规,同时采用5100五通道原子吸收光谱仪检测末梢血必需元素,并对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果:①3岁以内儿童HCT、MCV、MCH、CH、Zn、Fe均低于3~6岁组,而RDW、RET%、RET均高于3~6岁组。②本研究299名儿童中,贫血儿童2名(0.67%),均为轻度贫血。③299名儿童中,26.1%儿童存在锌缺乏,铁缺乏占6.0%,钙缺乏占3.1%。女孩锌缺乏率明显高于男孩,3岁以内儿童铁缺乏率明显高于3~6岁儿童。④Zn与Fe、Cu、Ca存在正相关,r值分别为0.402、0.437、0.331,P<0.01;Mg与Fe存在正相关,r值为0.589,P<0.01,与Ca存在负相关,r值为-0.130,P<0.05;RBC与Mg、Fe成正相关,与Ca负相关,r值分别为0.275、0.442、-0.160,P<0.01;Hb与Cu、Zn、Mg、Fe存在正相关,r值分别为0.163、0.262、0.274,0.626,P<0.01;CHr与Zn、Fe成正相关,r值分别为0.215、0.196,P<0.01。结论:随着生活水平的提高,学龄前儿童贫血发生率明显降低,但锌和铁的缺乏率较高,应予以重视。同时在纠正贫血、补充锌、铁时应考虑必需元素之间及必需元素与红细胞参数的关系,进行科学合理的补充,以避免某些元素补充过量所带来的负面影响。     

Lactose feeding during persistent diarrhoea

Lactose intolerance is a recognized complication of some episodes of diarrhoea. Whereas it is of clinical importance in relatively few children with acute diarrhoea it seems to be a more common problem in children presenting with persistent diarrhoea, especially in malnourished children with severe diarrhoea. We describe a recent study which also demonstrated adverse clinical and nutritional consequences in the majority of children with mild but persistent diarrhoea consuming 6 g lactose/kg body weight/d. It is desirable to identify these children who need to reduce their lactose intake in order to limit unnecessary dietary changes which are expensive to implement and/or nutritionally disadvantageous. Admission clinical characteristics were analyzed for their ability to predict clinical outcome in a group of 33 children with persistent diarrhoea taking a lactose-containing diet. The results of tests of stool reducing substances and a lactose breath hydrogen test (LHBT) were analyzed in the same group whose clinical management had been independent of the test results. Eighty-nine percent of children who deteriorated had one of the following characteristics: age <12 months, weight-for-height less than -2 SD below NCHS norms or fever >37°C. Children who unequivocally improved while continuing to take lactose could not be selected without the risk of including children who deteriorated. Neither tests of stool reducing substances nor the LBHT improved the predictive value of simple clinical parameters. Reduction of lactose in the diet of children with persistent diarrhoea who have any of these parameters is recommended, but mixing of milk with cereal or substituting with fermented milk products is preferable to milk withdrawal or dilution with water.     

Diagnostic steps in the evaluation of patients with erectile dysfunction

PURPOSE: The necessity for a thorough diagnostic evaluation for erectile dysfunction has been questioned after the availability of effective oral therapies. We determined the impact of the different diagnostic steps on the management strategy for erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included all patients who presented at an andrology outpatient clinic during a 4-year period. Baseline evaluation included medical and sexual history, blood tests, physical examination and intracavernous injection test. Patients with normal initial screening were evaluated with specific diagnostic procedures. The results were analyzed to identify the diagnostic potential of each screening step separately. RESULTS: Overall 1,644 patients presented at the clinic during the study period, of whom 368 (22.4%) were excluded from study due to severe psychiatric (5.2%) or cardiovascular (2.7%) disease, or to a history of erectile dysfunction less than 3 months in duration (14.5%). In the remaining 1,276 patients with a mean age plus or minus standard deviation of 56 +/- 14 years, and a mean duration of erectile dysfunction of 4.9 +/- 3.4 years medical history revealed erectile dysfunction associated medical conditions in 57%, blood tests identified previously undiagnosed medical conditions in 6.2%, and physical examination and the intracavernous injection test were diagnostic in 13.9% and 2.6%, respectively. Initial screening was negative in 259 cases (20.3%), in which specific diagnostic procedures identified an underlying vascular pathology in 165 (12.9%) and unfavorable penile geometry in 16 (1.3%). The remaining 78 men (6.1%) had no evidence of organic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline diagnostic evaluation for erectile dysfunction can identify the underlying pathological condition or erectile dysfunction associated risk factors in 80% of patients. Such screening may diagnose reversible causes of erectile dysfunction and also unmask medical conditions that manifest with erectile dysfunction as the first symptom. Specific diagnostic procedures may be limited in patients with primary erectile dysfunction or those without risk factors. Such clinical data support previously published guidelines for erectile dysfunction management.