桑蚕蛹期卵巢移植及其生物学效应的研究

本文报导桑蚕在蛹期进行卵巢移植试验的成功,并调查了卵巢移入雄蛹后的生物学效应。明确了血液中卵黄原蛋白向卵巢移行的时期是在蛹期。试验表明:蛹龄2h的雌、雄蛹在低温抑制后进行移植为适宜;卵巢植入雄蛹后受体发育良好,羽化率达82.5％～100％;雄蛹内卵巢能形成成熟卵,但卵大小、重量和卵肉蛋白质、核酸含量以及卵超微结构发生了一些变化;用人工单性生殖方法处理雄蛹内的发育卵,得到14.2％～16.0％的成胚率,进一步研究可望获得后代。     

珍宝岛地区“三班倒”吸血昆虫的研究 Ⅵ.珍宝岛地区伊蚊越冬卵的分布和主要蚊种孳生地调查

1982年和1983年的4月底至5月初,在珍宝岛地区冻土层尚未完全解冻的草甸、林缘还积有余雪残冰之时,我们从五类生境中取土样108份,共孵出幼虫641条.其中刺扰伊蚊(Aedes vexans)占69.9%,刺痛伊蚊(Ae excrucians)占22.5%,而丛林伊蚊(Ae cataphylla)和普通伊蚊(Ae communis)只占很少比例.刺扰伊蚊卵分布于该区各类生境,但以林缘坑为最多,孵出幼虫数为孵出刺扰伊蚊幼虫总数的86.6%.上述几种伊蚊卵在表层土壤越冬,至初春雪融时开始孵化.1983年在蚊虫孳生地调查中,采获蚊幼虫17种,其中刺扰伊蚊、东方库蚊(Culex orientalis)和中华按蚊(Anopheles sin-ensis)数量较多,持续时间较长,而刺扰伊蚊孳生数量占三种蚊幼虫和蛹总数的84.9%.刺扰伊蚊在各类生境中均有孳生,但以林缘坑为最多,占各类生境采获幼虫和蛹总数的88.7%.东方库蚊和中华按蚊除岛上外其它生境均有采获.东方库蚊在林缘坑中孳生较多,占其采获幼虫总数的70%以上.中华按蚊幼虫在营区周围水坑中孳生较多,占其采获幼虫总数的53.7%.     

Bacterial challenge stimulates innate immune responses in extra-embryonic tissues of tobacco hornworm eggs

Innate immunity protects juvenile and adult vertebrates and invertebrates against potential pathogens; however, it is unknown when developing embryos become immune competent and just how they are guarded from infection. To address these questions, we studied the effect of immune challenge on early stage eggs of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. We detected many immune-related proteins and mRNAs in naive eggs. Upon immune challenge, antimicrobial protein genes were up-regulated, and antibacterial activity increased. Antimicrobial protein mRNAs and lysozyme were present in the extra-embryonic tissues of immune-challenged eggs; in addition, melanization in response to bacteria occurred in the yolk but not embryonic tissues. We conclude that the extra-embryonic tissues of early stage M. sexta eggs are immune competent and likely protect the developing embryo from infection. We suggest that innate immune responses of extra-embryonic tissues may be a common mechanism for protecting early embryos.     

In Vitro Development of Parthenogenetic Eggs: A Fast Ecotoxicity Test with Daphnia magna?

In the present study, the authors investigated and defined development stages of Daphnia magna eggs that could be potential endpoints for sublethal toxicity tests with in vitro parthenogenetic egg cultures. Such an “egg test” could be a cost-effective alternative to the classic 21-day test with D. magna. Three main stages of embryonic development were considered: release of the egg external membrane, release of the internal membrane, and separation of the caudal spine. The first embryonic stage was attained approximately 30 h after transfer of eggs from ovaries to the brood chamber (considered as time zero), the second stage at 48 h, and the third stage at 68 h. Embryonic development was considered completed with the caudal spine separation. Thereafter, juveniles were able to swim in the water column. Egg mortality, duration of each egg stage, egg diameter, and egg abnormalities were investigated as potential endpoints. In vitro tests were carried out with several toxicants (DBS, 3,4-DCA, cadmium, and copper) and with acid mine drainage, sensitivity generally being higher than with the accepted chronic 21-day test with D. magna.     

The Fifty Year Rehabilitation of the Egg

The 1968 American Heart Association announced a dietary recommendation that all individuals consume less than 300 mg of dietary cholesterol per day and no more than three whole eggs per week. This recommendation has not only significantly impacted the dietary patterns of the population, but also resulted in the public limiting a highly nutritious and affordable source of high quality nutrients, including choline which was limited in the diets of most individuals. The egg industry addressed the egg issue with research documenting the minimal effect of egg intake on plasma lipoprotein levels, as well as research verifying the importance of egg nutrients in a variety of issues related to health promotion. In 2015 dietary cholesterol and egg restrictions have been dropped by most health promotion agencies worldwide and recommended to be dropped from the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.     

凤凰衣贴敷治疗外伤性鼓膜穿孔临床应用研究

目的:研究利用凤凰衣为外伤性鼓膜穿孔的贴敷修复材料的临床应用价值及后期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2000年1月—2009年12月就诊并接受手术的118例(122耳)耳外伤患者利用凤凰衣贴敷治疗的过程、疗效、后期随访等资料。结果:对118例(122耳)外伤性鼓膜穿孔面积大于1/4以上的患者实施凤凰衣贴敷治疗,一次性贴敷成功109耳(89.34%)。失败13耳(10.66%)。结论:利用凤凰衣作为修复鼓膜的材料,依适当方法对外伤性鼓膜穿孔患者进行修复治疗,成本低廉,安全可靠,治愈率极高,术后效果良好,值得临床参考与推广。     

河口县农村菜地土壤中铅镉及蛔虫卵污染调查

目的:对河口农村菜地土壤中重金属铅镉及蛔虫卵的污染调查,为客观评价农村环境卫生状况提供科学依据和支持。方法:对河口县的5个乡镇的20个行政村的菜地土壤进行采样分析。结果:以国家《土壤环境质量标准(》GB15618-2008)二级标准作为评价标准,只有南溪镇的一个土样中铅含量超过国家标准限值,达标准限值的5.62倍,为重度污染,其余土样均在国家二级标准的限值范围内。结论:河口县农村菜地95%土壤中铅镉含量没有超过国家二级标准,但80%的土样超过云南省的背景值,70%的菜地土壤中检出活的蛔虫卵,粪便没有进行无害化处理就施用。     

Chromosome analysis of human spermatozoa stored in vitro

Two-hundred-sixty-five chromosome spreads from control humansperm samples capacitated in TEST —yolk buffer at 4°Cand 232 chromosome spreads from sperm samples incubated in vitroin Biggers — Whitten — Whittingham (BWW) for 24h at room temperature prior to capacitation, were studied afterfusion of sperm cells with zona-free hamster eggs. Sperm cellswere provided by two volunteer donors. The results indicatean increase in chromosome structural abnormalities after in-vitroincubation of the spermatozoa from 1.8 to 7.7% in donor no.1 and from 4.5 to 12.5% in donor no. 7. Overall, structuralabnormalities increased 3.3-fold. The number of aneuploid spermatozoaand the sex ratio did not change significantly. The implicationsof the use of different media for storing spermatozoa are discussed.     

Epidemiology of paragonimiasis in Cross River basin, Nigeria: prevalence and intensity of infection due to Paragonimus uterobilateralis in Yakurr local government area

Prevalence and intensity of paragonimiasis among inhabitants of the Yakurr Local Government Area in the Cross River basin of Nigeria is reported. Diagnosis was based on a single sample detection of eggs of Paragonimus in 5 ml of sputum. 12.27% out of 880 subjects were infected. The infections were due to Paragonimus uterobilateralis. Prevalence of the infection increased with age, up to a peak prevalence of 23.75% (19 out of 108) among subjects between the ages of 17–22 y old. Thereafter, it declined progressively with increase in age to much lower values such that by the age of 53–58 y old, infection had fallen by more than 75%. Prevalence of the infection was significantly higher among females, 13.80% (58 out of 108), than males 11.36% (50 out of 108) (P < 0.009). Intensity of infection (eggs/5 ml sputum) ranged from 12–123 eggs/5 ml sputum, with subjects between the ages of 17–22 y old being the most heavily infected group. Prevalence and intensity of the infection were positively correlated (P < 0.497). The need for control measures to reduce human suffering due to infections in the area, particularly among women and children is emphasized.     

南京血吸虫感染兔尿液中的虫卵观察

目的 观察和计数南京血吸虫(Schistosoma nanjingi)感染兔尿液中的虫卵和孵出的毛蚴。方法兔感染s．natotngi尾蚴1000条，75d后解剖，取出膀胱，观察和取出膀胱表面静脉丛中血吸虫，观察和计数膀胱内尿液中的血吸虫卵，尿液水洗后孵化及计数毛蚴。结果 膀胱表面静脉丛中取出血吸虫14对(28条)，膀胱中尿液发现虫卵18840只，卵壳表面有很小的颗粒状附着物，兔尿中有变性卵和变黑卵。尿液水洗后孵化，共孵出毛蚴874只，占虫卵总数的4．6％。结论 S.nanjingi与S.japonicum不同，兔感染S.nanjingi后，尿液中有很多血吸虫卵，且能孵出毛蚴。