腹腔镜胆总管探查胆道一期缝合与T管引流疗效的比较

目的探讨与腹腔镜胆总管T管引流相比,腹腔镜胆总管一期缝合的优点,手术操作的技术关键,手术适应证以及并发症的预防。方法回顾对照分析2008年7月至2010年7月间行腹腔镜胆总管一期缝合的24例患者以及同期行腹腔镜T管引流的24例患者的临床病历资料,分为一期缝合组和T管引流组。结果一期缝合组与T管引流组的平均手术时间分别为（54.03±8.46）、（49.83±7.25）min,术中出血量分别为（15.13±4.26）、（16.23±5.25）ml,两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。而一期缝合组与T管引流组的首次肛门排气时间分别为（1.16±0.46）与（2.02±0.19）d、术后补液量分别为（8.05±2.73）与（11.56±4.72）L、术后住院时间分别为（7.73±1.76）与（13.85±4.09）d、住院费用分别为（11 393±283）与（15 836±296）元,带管时间分别为（6.45±2.15）与（73.68±9.15）d。一期缝合组的平均带管时间较T管引流组缩短（67.23±7）d。以上观察指标,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。一期缝合组4例术后2～3 d发生胆汁漏,经保守治疗治愈,无严重并发症,全组患者均痊愈出院,随访1个月到2年,无结石复发和胆管狭窄等并发症。结论胆总管一期缝合有利于患者快速恢复;术中确保胆道无残余结石和胆总管下端通畅是开展胆总管一期缝合的前提条件;严格掌握手术适应证,注重操作技术要点是取得良好疗效的关键。     

Risks of clinically significant upper gastrointestinal events with etodolac and naproxen: a historical cohort analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Etodolac is a generic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Previous in vitro studies have shown that etodolac is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 with selectivity in between that of other COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and rofecoxib. However, there are no outcomes data assessing clinically significant upper gastrointestinal (CSUGI) events with etodolac. METHODS: A historical cohort study was performed at the Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center in which 16,286 veteran patients (5596 patient-years) received etodolac or naproxen during a 3-year period without concurrent use of other ulcerogenic drugs other than low-dose aspirin. The primary outcome was the CSUGI event rate of the etodolac and naproxen groups without concomitant low-dose aspirin. RESULTS: The incidence of CSUGI events was .78% and .24% for naproxen and etodolac, respectively. In the NSAID-naive subset, the incidence of CSUGI events was .99% and .24% for naproxen and etodolac, respectively. Compared with naproxen, etodolac was associated with a reduction in upper gastrointestinal events, corresponding to an odds ratio of .39 (95% confidence interval, .20-.76; P = .006). Concomitantly used low-dose aspirin increased event rates with naproxen 2-fold and etodolac 9-fold. Hence, there was no significant difference in gastrointestinal event rates between etodolac and naproxen when low-dose aspirin was taken concomitantly. CONCLUSIONS: Etodolac is a generic COX-2 selective inhibitor that reduces CSUGI events compared with the nonselective NSAID naproxen. However, concomitant use of low-dose aspirin negates the gastrointestinal safety advantages of etodolac.     

Medication adherence and significant others' support of consumers with schizophrenia in Australia

Medication adherence is problematic in people with chronic illness. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the effects of the perceived support from significant others on the oral antipsychotic medication taking of consumers with schizophrenia. A convenience sample of 81 consumers took part in the study. The consumers were recruited by case managers from the community in the western region of Melbourne and in regional and rural Victoria, Australia. No difference was found in self-reported medication adherence between the consumers with significant others' support and those without significant others' support. The perceived effect of having a supportive relationship with significant others was not associated with increased medication adherence. The findings indicated that the significant others' support did not influence the self-reported medication adherence of the consumers with schizophrenia. The results highlighted the importance of considering medication adherence as a multidimensional concept.     

Valve Strain Quantitation in Normal Mitral Valves and Mitral Prolapse With Variable Degrees of Regurgitation

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to quantitate patient-specific mitral valve (MV) strain in normal valves and in patients with mitral valve prolapse with and without significant mitral regurgitation (MR) and assess the determinants of MV strain.BackgroundFew data exist on MV deformation during systole in humans. Three-dimensional echocardiography allows for dynamic MV imaging, enabling digital modeling of MV function in health and disease.MethodsThree-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 82 patients, 32 with normal MV and 50 with mitral valve prolapse (MVP): 12 with mild mitral regurgitation or less (MVP ? MR) and 38 with moderate MR or greater (MVP + MR). Three-dimensional MV models were generated, and the peak systolic strain of MV leaflets was computed on proprietary software.ResultsLeft ventricular ejection fraction was normal in all groups. MV annular dimensions were largest in MVP + MR (annular area: 13.8 ± 0.7 cm²) and comparable in MVP ? MR (10.6 ± 1 cm²) and normal valves (10.5 ± 0.3 cm²; analysis of variance: p < 0.001). Similarly, MV leaflet areas were largest in MVP + MR, particularly the posterior leaflet (8.7 ± 0.5 cm²); intermediate in MVP ? MR (6.5 ± 0.7 cm²); and smallest in normal valves (5.5 ± 0.2 cm²; p < 0.0001). Strain was overall highest in MVP + MR and lowest in normal valves. Patients with MVP ? MR had intermediate strain values that were higher than normal valves in the posterior leaflet (p = 0.001). On multivariable analysis, after adjustment for clinical and MV geometric parameters, leaflet thickness was the only parameter that was retained as being significantly correlated with mean MV strain (r = 0.34; p = 0.008).ConclusionsMVs that exhibit prolapse have higher strain compared to normal valves, particularly in the posterior leaflet. Although higher strain is observed with worsening MR and larger valves and annuli, mitral valve leaflet thickness—and, thus, underlying MV pathology—is the most significant independent determinant of valve deformation. Future studies are needed to assess the impact of MV strain determination on clinical outcome.     

A systematic description of the post-EMR defect to identify risk factors for clinically significant post-EMR bleeding in the colon

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Management of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis:Focus on portal hypertension

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is rising worldwide being currently the fifth most common cancer and third cause of cancer-related mortality.Early detection of HCC through surveillance programs have enabled the identification of small nodules with higher frequency,and nowadays account for 10%-15% of patients diagnosed in the West and almost 30% in Japan.Patients with small HCC can be candidates for potential curative treatments:liver transplantation,surgical resection and percutaneous ablation,depending on the presence of portal hypertension and co-morbidities.This review will analyze recent advancements in the clinical management of these individuals,focusing on issues related to the role of portal hypertension,the debate between resection and ablative therapies and the future impact of molecular technologies.     

Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: role of MCP-1

Inhalation of Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula causes "farmer's lung" disease, a classic example of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice challenged with S rectivirgula, and S rectivirgula induces MCP-1 secretion by alveolar macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that MCP-1 and its receptor CC chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) are essential to the development of experimental HP by treating mice with MCP-1 antibody and using CCR2(-/-) mice. Administration of anti-MCP-1 did not change the response to intratracheally administered S rectivirgula. CCR2(-/-) animals responded in a fashion similar to that of wild-type animals to intratracheally administered.S rectivirgula. To determine the influence of the MCP-1-CCR2 interaction in vitro, we transferred S rectivirgula-cultured spleen cells from S rectivirgula-sensitized mice, to na?ve recipients. Later, challenge of the recipients with intratracheal S rectivirgula and examination of both lung histology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characteristics were used to determine whether adoptive transfer had occurred. We found that cultured cells from CCR2(-/-) animals were fully capable of adoptive transfer. We conclude that interaction of MCP-1 with CCR2 is not necessary for the development of pulmonary inflammation in response to intratracheally administered S rectivirgula or cells able to adoptively transfer experimental HP.     

The effects of Ménière's disorder on the patient's significant others

Abstract

Objective: To determine the effects of their partners’ MD on the significant others of the patients. Design: Open-ended questionnaire. Study sample: Significant others of members of the Finnish Ménière's Federation. Results: The predominant responses concerned effects on their lives and lifestyle—participation restrictions (effects on personal and community life)—and on personal contextual factors (uncertainty of life). In contrast they fail to list such effects of the patients, focussing rather on the patients’ symptoms. Five percent of the responses given entailed positive experiences. Conclusions: Significant others of patients with MD listed a wide range of effects of their partner's condition on them. We encourage doctors and therapists to include the significant others in the rehabilitation process to enable them to understand the patient's condition, to help the significant other, and so better support the patients concerned.