改良腹膜外剖宫产术和改良子宫下段剖宫产术比较

目的：探讨改良式腹膜外剖宫产术与改良式子宫下段剖宫产术的术后情况。方法对2009年1月~2012年12月河南省登封市中医院行两种术式剖宫产的患者，进行回顾性分析，比较其手术时间、术后情况。结果观察组和对照组体温升高再恢复至正常时间分别为（18.8±2.6）h、（20.6±3.0）h，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）；通气时间分别为（16.25±9.25）h、（22.32±10.50）h，显著缩短（P＜0.01）；术后外周血白细胞计数分别为（6.5±1.6）×109/L、（7.1±2.3）×109/L，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；术后镇痛药物应用比例分别为20（20%）、60（60%），差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论改良式腹膜外剖宫产术术后情况优于改良式子宫下段剖宫产术，改良式腹膜外剖宫产术值得推广。     

Prognostic value of troponins in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of cardiac troponins (cTn) in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is debated. HYPOTHESIS: We tested the performance of cTnI and cTnT for risk stratification in patients with CKD and evaluated the prognostic significance of cTnI and cTnT elevations by their magnitude across the range of CKD severity. METHODS: We examined correlations among cTn elevation, CKD, and in-hospital mortality in 31,586 high-risk patients with NSTE ACS included in the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress ADverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines initiative (CRUSADE). Cardiac tropinins I and T levels were categorized as ratios of each site's upper limit of normal (ULN) for myocardial necrosis: normal (cTn ratio < or =1 x ULN), mild (cTn ratio > 1-3 x ULN), and major (cTn ratio > 3 x ULN) elevation. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Stages of CKD were categorized as normal to mild (eGFR > 60 mL/min), moderate (eGFR 30-60 mL/min), or severe (eGFR < 30 mL/min). RESULTS: Mortality increased more steeply across CKD stages (2.0%-12.9%) than across cTn ratio categories (2.7%-5.4%). In normal or mild CKD, mortality was low regardless of cTn elevations. In moderate CKD, mortality increased incrementally with cTnI (3.3% versus 5.4% versus 7.4%) and cTnT (3.7% versus 5.3% versus 7.3%) elevation. Among severe CKD patients, only major cTn elevations further distinguished risk (cTnI: 10.1% versus 9.7% versus 14.6%; cTnT: 7.0% versus 5.7% versus 14.0%). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CKD, cTnI and cTnT perform equally in differentiating short-term prognosis following NSTE ACS; however, the prognostic impact of cTn is dependent upon the degree of CKD severity.     

Improvement in door-to-balloon times in management of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction STEMI through the initiation of 'Code AMI'

Background: ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) mandates rapid percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for optimal outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess our hospital practice for managing acute STEMI, identify processes associated with time delays, instrument changes to our acute STEMI management protocol and assess their effectiveness for improving our door‐to‐balloon time. Methods: We aimed to achieve this through the establishment of a quality improvement programme involving the cardiology and emergency departments. We analysed consecutive patients presenting with STEMI (April to September 2005 (group A) and the corresponding period in 2006 (group B), and compared patients presenting ‘in hours’ (0700 hours to 1800 hours (Monday to Friday)) versus ‘out of hours’ (all other times including public holidays). Results: In group A, 38 patients presented with a STEMI. Assessing time‐to‐treatment analysis, the median door to balloon time for primary PCI was significantly greater for ‘out of hours’ than ‘in hours’ (120 vs 67 min). The greatest time delay to PCI was from the PCI decision time to catheter laboratory arrival. Local changes were implemented to improve ‘out of hours’ times, including initiation of ‘Code AMI’. There were 59 patients in group B. We found that our changes led to a 29% improvement in ‘out of hours’ door‐to‐balloon time (median time 82 min, P = 0.005) with 69% being managed ≤90 min (P = 0.049) (group B). Conclusion: We have shown that ongoing review through a quality improvement programme improves door‐to‐balloon times, which is integral in the optimal management of patients with acute STEMI treated with primary PCI.     

Clinical impact of complete atrioventricular block in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction

Complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) is a common complication of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Although STEMI patients complicated with CAVB had a higher mortality in the thrombolytic era, little is known about the impact of CAVB on STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The study aimed at evaluating the clinical impact of CAVB on STEMI patients in the primary PCI era. We consecutively enrolled 1295 STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI within 24 hours from onset. Patients were divided into two groups according to the infarct location: anterior STEMI (n = 640) and nonanterior STEMI (n = 655). The outcomes were all‐cause death and major adverse cardiocerebrovascular events (MACCE) with a median follow‐up period of 3.8 (1.7–6.6) years. Eighty‐one patients (6.3%) developed CAVB. The incidence of CAVB was lower in anterior STEMI patients than in nonanterior STEMI (1.7% vs 10.7%, p < .05). Anterior STEMI patients with CAVB had a higher incidence of all‐cause deaths (82% vs 20%, p < .05) and MACCE (82% vs 25%, p < .05) than those without CAVB. Although higher incidence of all‐cause deaths was found more in nonanterior STEMI patients with CAVB compared with those without CAVB (30% vs 18%, p < .05), there was no significant difference in the incidence of MACCE (24% vs 19%). Multivariate analysis showed that CAVB was an independent predictor for all‐cause mortality and MACCE in anterior STEMI patients, but not in nonanterior STEMI. CAVB is rare in anterior STEMI patients, but remains a poor prognostic complication even in the primary PCI era.     

A randomized,double-blind study of SHP465 mixed amphetamine salts extended-release in adults with ADHD using a simulated adult workplace design

Objectives: The objective of this paper was to evaluate the efficacy, duration of effect, and tolerability of SHP465 mixed amphetamine salts (MAS) extended-release versus placebo and immediate-release MAS (MAS IR) in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: Adults with ADHD Rating Scale, Version IV (ADHD-RS-IV) scores ≥24 were randomized to SHP465 MAS (50 or 75 mg), placebo, or 25 mg MAS IR in a double-blind, three-period, crossover study using a simulated adult workplace environment. On the final day of each 7-day treatment period, efficacy was assessed for 16 h postdose. Primary efficacy analyses for Permanent Product Measure of Performance (PERMP) total score averaged across all postdose assessments and each postdose time point were conducted in the intent-to-treat population using a mixed linear model. Secondary end-points included PERMP problems attempted and answered correctly and ADHD-RS-IV scores based on clinician ratings of counselor observations using the Time Segment Rating System and participant self-report. Tolerability assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and vital signs.

Results: Least squares mean (95% CI) treatment differences (combined 50/75 mg SHP465 MAS–placebo) significantly favored SHP465 MAS over placebo for PERMP total score averaged across all postdose assessments (18.38 [11.28, 25.47]; P < .0001) and at each postdose assessment (all P < .02). Nominal superiority of MAS IR over placebo for PERMP total score averaged across all postdose assessments was observed (nominal P = .0001); treatment differences between SHP465 MAS and MAS IR were not significant (nominal P = .2443). The two most frequently reported TEAEs associated with SHP465 MAS were insomnia (36.5%) and anorexia (21.2%). Mean increases in pulse and blood pressure with SHP465 MAS exceeded those of placebo.

Conclusions: SHP465 MAS (combined 50/75 mg) significantly improved PERMP total score versus placebo, with superiority observed from 2 to 16 h postdose. The tolerability profile of SHP465 MAS was similar to previous reports of SHP465 MAS in adults with ADHD.

Clinical trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00928148 identifier is NCT00928148.     

改良式宫颈环扎术治疗前置胎盘子宫下段出血的临床研究

目的 探讨改良式宫颈环扎术治疗前置胎盘子宫下段出血的治疗效果.方法 选取2013年7月1日至2014年6月30日20例前置胎盘剖宫产术中子宫下段出血患者,采用改良式宫颈环扎术进行治疗(观察组),并与2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日20例未行改良式宫颈环扎术的前置胎盘剖宫产术中子宫下段出血患者(对照组)进行比较,比较术中出血量、输红细胞悬液量、手术时间.结果 观察组与对照组术中出血量分别为(517.50±388.41)mL、(842.50±533.68)mL,输红细胞悬液量(10.90±0.78)U、(2.60±1.35)U,手术时间(73.15±14.60)min、(95.10±10.95) min,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且两组均无明显并发症发生.结论 针对前置胎盘子宫下段出血的患者,实施改良式宫颈环扎术进行止血,能有效降低出血量,值得进一步研究.     

Characterization of the parasite-induced lesions in the posterior segment of the eye

Ocular lesions are frequently associated with different parasitic infections. The classes of infection include protozoa, nematodes, cestodes, and ectoparasites. Ocular parasitic infections can manifest in any part of the eye; the disease manifestations are frequently characterized as either posterior or anterior eye disease. Parasite-induced lesions may be due to damage directly caused by the parasite, indirect pathology caused by toxic products or the immune response initiated by infectious parasitism. This review characterized the parasite-induced lesions in the posterior segment of the eye. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment of these lesions can reduce ocular morbidity. The method of the literature search was conducted on PubMed, Elsevier Scopus database, and Google Scholar with no limitation on the year of publication databases. It was limited to English articles published for ocular lesions in clinical studies and was focused on parasitic infections of the eye.     

Pentacam评估高度近视有晶状体眼人工晶状体植入术前后眼前节形态的改变

目的：通过眼前节全景分析仪( Pentacam)量化分析高度近视患者行ICL植入术手术前后眼前节形态的改变,评估手术的安全性、有效性。
　　方法：收集我院2011-09/2013-02高度近视眼行ICL植入手术的患者21例39眼,术后随访6~12mo。通过Pentacam分别测量术前;术后1wk;1,6mo的中央前房深度( ACD)、前房角度(ACA)、前房容积(ACV);记录术后1wk;1,6mo的ICL拱高(ICL-vault);记录术前裸眼视力(pre-UCVA)、最佳矫正视力( BCVA)、术后裸眼视力( post-UCVA)以及眼压值。使用SPSS18.0统计软件分析各项指标,术前、术后的资料均采用配对t检验进行统计学分析。
　　结果：术前;术后1wk;1,6mo 的ACD分别是3.27±0.22,3.02±0.33,2.98±0.31,2.98±0.32mm, ACA分别是(40.39±5.40)°,(26.70±4.47)°,(26.96±4.48)°,(26.95±4.45)°, ACV分别是207.74±25.43,122.87±17.58,128.05±17.84, 128.64±17.50mm 3。术后1wk;1,6mo的拱高分别是0.49±0.13,0.46±0.13,0.46±0.14mm。术前与术后3个不同时段的ACD,ACA,ACV的值相比,其均存在统计学差异( P<0.05);术后1 wk拱高与术后1,6 mo拱高相比,均存在统计学差异( P<0.05)。 BCVA手术前后比较,亦存在统计学差异( P<0.05)。 ICL与透明晶状体没有任何接触,没有引起房角关闭。术后随诊未发现白内障、青光眼、黄斑囊样水肿、视网膜脱离等术后并发症。
　　结论：通过眼前节全景分析仪( Pentacam)分析发现ICL术后前房变浅,房角变窄,前房容积变小,但人工晶状体与透明晶状体之间仍拥有安全的间隙,ICL植入术治疗高度近视眼安全、有效,但远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

Effects of primary selective laser trabeculoplasty on anterior segment parameters

AIM:To investigate the effects of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) on the main numerical parameters of anterior segment with Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).METHODS: Pentacam measurements of 45 eyes of 25 (15 females and 10 males) patients (12 with OHT, 13 with POAG) before and after SLT were obtained. Measurements were taken before and 1 and 3mo after SLT. Pentacam parameters were compared between OHT and POAG patients, and age groups (60y and older, and younger than 60y).RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 57.8±13.9 (range 20-77y). Twelve patients (48%) were younger than 60y, while 13 patients (52%) were 60y and older. Measurements of pre-SLT and post-SLT 1mo were significantly different for the parameters of central corneal thickness (CCT) and anterior chamber volume (ACV) (P<0.05). These parameters returned back to pre-SLT values at post-SLT 3mo. Decrease of ACV at post-SLT 1mo was significantly higher in younger than 60y group than 60y and older group. There was no statistically significant difference in Pentacam parameters between OHT and POAG patients at pre- and post-treatment measurements (P>0.05).CONCLUSION:SLT leads to significant increase in CCT and decrease in ACV at the 1^st month of the procedure. Effects of SLT on these anterior segment parameters, especially for CCT that interferes IOP measurement, should be considered to ensure accurate clinical interpretation.     

Anterior segment changes after pharmacologic mydriasis using Pentacam and optical coherence tomography in angle closure suspects

AIM:To compare the dynamic changes of anterior segment parameters especially iris morphology induced by pharmacologic mydriasis between angle closure suspects and normal controls.METHODS:The study group comprised 19 eyes of 19 angle closure suspects and 19 eyes of 19 age- and sex-matched normal open-angle eyes. Pentacam and optical coherence tomography measurements before and 30min after instillation of compound tropicamide eye drop were performed and compared. Biometric evaluations of iris tomography and anterior chamber angle were estimated by a customized image-processing software.RESULTS:Baseline axial length, iris cross sectional area and volume did not differ significantly between angle closure suspects and normal controls. Angle closure suspects had smaller pupil size, narrower anterior segment dimension and axial length, thinner iris with greater curve in comparison with normal controls. Pharmacologic mydriasis led to significant increments in iris thickness at 750 μm, anterior chamber depth and volume, whereas significant decrements in iris curve, cross sectional area and volume in both groups. Angle opening distance at 500 μm was increased significantly in normal controls (from 0.465±0.115 mm to 0.539±0.167 mm, P=0.009), but not in angle closure suspects (from 0.125±0.100 mm to 0.145±0.131 mm, P=0.326). Iris volume change per millimeter of pupil dilation (△IV/△PD) decreased significantly less in angle closure suspects than normal controls (-2.47±1.33 mm² vs -3.63±1.58 mm², P=0.019). Linear regression analysis showed that the change of angle opening distance at 500 μm was associated most with the change of central anterior chamber depth (β=0.841, P=0.002) and △IV/△PD (β=0.028, P=0.002), followed by gender (β=0.062, P=0.032).CONCLUSION:Smaller iris volume decrement per millimeter of pupil dilation is related significantly with the less anterior angle opening in angle closure suspects after pharmacologic mydriasis. Dynamic iris change may be as a prospective indicator of iris compressibility and angle closure glaucoma.