外周α_1、α_2受体作用减弱脑室注射组胺对颈动脉窦反射的抑制

目的　探讨外周α1 和α2 肾上腺素受体 (α1 AR,α2AR)在脑室注射(icv)组胺 (HA)对颈动脉窦压力感受性反射(CSR)重调定中的作用。方法　孤离麻醉SD大鼠的双侧颈动脉窦区,将不同窦内压 (ISP)与其对应的平均动脉压(MAP)值进行Logistic五参数曲线拟合,求得ISP MAP关系曲线及其特征参数,观察icvHA以及预先在外周静脉注射(iv)α1 或α2 AR拮抗剂对CSR的影响。结果　icvHA( 60μmol·L-1, 5μl)导致ISP MAP关系曲线后半程明显上移(P<0 05),ISP和增益关系曲线中部明显下移 (P<0 05 ),反射参数MAP反射变动范围及反射最大增益减小 (P<0 05),而阈压与饱和压增大(P<0 05);预先外周iv选择性的α1 AR拮抗剂酚苄明 (PBZ, 2 5μmol·L-1, 0 15μl·g-1 )或α2 AR拮抗剂育亨宾(YOH, 5μmol·L-1, 0 15μl·g-1 ),均能明显加强HA的上述效应,YOH的这种加强作用不如PBZ的显著 (P<0 05 );单独外周iv相同剂量的PBZ或YOH对CSR无影响 (P>0 05 )。结论　脑室给HA使CSR产生快速重调定,反射敏感性下降;外周α1、α2 AR作用可减弱icvHA对CSR的重调定;外周α1 AR在调制这种抑制性重调定的过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

Mechanism for site-dependent differences in the shape of the resetting response curve in fixed barrier reentry

INTRODUCTION: We investigated whether the site of stimulation within a reentrant circuit affects the resetting response curve (RRC). RRCs are used to characterize the excitable gap of reentrant circuits, including the duration of the fully excitable gap and the presence of partially excitable tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS: We reset proximal and distal to a site of interval-dependent conduction (IDC) in canine in vitro atrial tricuspid rings. Adjustable reentry allowed changes in the cycle length and direction of reentry. In nine preparations we reset 26 tachycardias. In the 16 tachycardias with one site of IDC, RRCs were significantly different when stimulating distal and proximal to a site of interval-dependent conduction. For the distal curves, the duration of the flat portion was 42 +/- 26 msec greater (P < 0.001), the slope of the increasing portion was 0.20 +/- 0.17 less (P < 0.02), and the increase in the return cycle was 14 +/- 9 msec less (P < 0.001). These differences resulted from early activation of the site of IDC by the antidromic premature impulse when stimulating from distal sites. As a result, the coupling interval of the orthodromic impulse at the site of IDC was the same or greater than at the stimulation site. In 10 tachycardias with multiple sites of IDC, significant differences in the resetting responses did not occur even when the antidromic impulse penetrated one site of IDC. CONCLUSION: In a fixed anatomic barrier reentrant circuit with one site of IDC, resetting distal to this site misrepresents the properties of the excitable gap of the entire circuit.     

蓝斑H2受体参与应激对大鼠颈动脉窦反射的重调定

目的探讨蓝斑H_2受体是否影响应激对颈动脉窦反射(CSR)的重调定。方法应激1周的SD大鼠,麻醉后孤离双侧颈动脉窦区,将不同窦内压(ISP)与其对应的平均动脉压(MAP)值进行Logistic曲线拟合,求得ISP-MAP关系曲线及其特征参数,观察蓝斑注射选择性H_2受体拮抗剂西咪替丁(CIM)对CSR的影响。结果蓝斑内注射CIM(1．5μg/μ1)导致应激大鼠ISP-MAP关系曲线后半程明显下移(P＜0．05),反射参数中阈压、饱和压和最大增益时的窦内压值均减少(P＜0．05)；蓝斑注射相同剂量的CIM对非应激大鼠的CSR无明显影响(P＞0．05)蓝斑内注射CIM不能使应激的CSR水平恢复到非应激给药后水平。结论蓝斑H_2受体参与应激对CSR的重调定；除此之外,应激作用中尚有其他因素的参与。     

Influence of propafenone on resetting and termination of canine atrial flutter

Previous studies on atrial flutter (AF) presumed that resetting was due to the prematurity effect (PE) in which the stimulated antegrade wavefront travels in the tail of the AF preexisting wavefront. We studied the collision effect (CE) between the AF and the stimulated retrograde wavefronts, its contribution to resetting, and its relationship to AF termination and how they are affected by the Class IC agent propafenone (PPF). A canine model of AF was created using a Y-shaped lesion in the right atrium in 14 dogs (33 +/- 3 kg). Five atrial bipolar electrodes were positioned around the tricuspid valve. In a subsequent set of 11 dogs, we used 16 bipolar electrodes for recording. AF was induced by burst pacing. Single and multiple stimuli were applied to measure conduction time and reset-response curves (RRCs). This was repeated after the administration of PPF (1 mg/kg loading dose for 10 minutes, followed by 1.8 mg/kg/per hour infusion). Three distinct mechanisms were found to contribute to the RRC: the PE, the CE, and heterogeneity. PPF stabilized the RRC, increased significantly the cycle length (CL), the duration of the effective refractory period, as well as the duration of the excitable gap. However, PPF did not alter the duration of the fully excitable portion. We studied 36 annihilations without and 48 with PPF. Transient fibrillation was found in 75% of the episodes without, compared to 22% with PPF. Other types of termination such as conduction block, CL oscillations, and reversal of activation were found for 25% of the episodes without and 78% with PPF. In many cases, conduction block and CL oscillations were associated with a failure of propagation of the stimulated antegrade wavefront in the region of collision. Termination by reversal of activation suggests that propagation was two dimensional and could not be represented by a one dimensional movement. The average coupling interval (in percent of CL), that induced fibrillation was not significantly different from that at which conduction block occurred. This suggests that transient fibrillation is associated with a weak CE rather than with rapid pacing. The CE is amplified by multiple stimuli and PPF. The incidence of transient fibrillation in AF annihilation diminishes with PPF as the CE becomes more important. This suggests that the evaluation of PE and CE in AF may be an indication of the risk of atrial fibrillation.     

Novelty causes time-dependent retrograde amnesia for one-trial avoidance in rats through NMDA receptor- and CaMKII-dependent mechanisms in the hippocampus

Exposure to a novel environment (an open field) for 2 min, 1 h after one-trial inhibitory avoidance training, hindered memory of the avoidance task measured 24 h later. The effect was seen regardless of the intensity of the avoidance training footshock. The effect was not seen if the exposure to novelty was carried out 5 min before, or 6 h after, the avoidance training, or if the animals did not perceive the open field as new and react accordingly. The amnesic effect of the novelty presented 1 h after avoidance training was blocked by the intrahippocampal infusion of D-2-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid (AP5, 25 nmoles per side) or 1-(N, O-bis-[5-isoquinolinylsulphonyl]-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl)-4- phenylpiperazine (KN62, 100 micromoles per side) but not by that of C32H25N3O6 (KT5720, 90 micromoles per side) given 5 min before the novelty. In the open field there was habituation, measured by the decrease in exploration between the first and second minute. AP5 and KN62 impaired this habituation, but not KT5720. Exploration of the open field was similar in the groups exposed to the avoidance task 5 min later, or 1 h or 6 h before. Therefore, there was no reciprocity between the effect of the two tasks: novelty was amnesic for the one-trial avoidance task, but the opposite was not true. The amnesic effect of novelty appears to rely on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor- and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-dependent, but not on PKA-dependent, aspects of its habituation learning.     

延期手术治疗跟骨骨折的疗效观察

目的:探讨延期手术切开复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的临床疗效.方法:对32例36足跟骨骨折,采用石膏临时固定后7-14d,择期行切开复位钢板内固定及髂骨(或人工骨)植骨进行治疗.通过手术将跟距关节面解剖复位,恢复Bohler角和Gissane角.结果:36足均获得随诊,平均随诊26个月.按Maryland足部功能评分系统...     

The effects of lesions in the dorsolateral pons on the coordination of swallowing and breathing in awake goats

The purpose of this retrospective study was to gain insight into the contribution of the dorsolateral pons to the coordination of swallowing and breathing in awake goats. In 4 goats, cannulas were chronically implanted bilaterally through the lateral (LPBN) and medial (MPBN) parabrachial nuclei just dorsal to the Kölliker–Fuse nucleus (KFN). After >2 weeks recovery from this surgery, the goats were studied for 5½ h on a control day, and on separate days after receiving 1 and 10 μl injections of ibotenic acid (IA) separated by 1 week. The frequency of swallows did not change during the control and 1 μl IA studies, but after injection of 10 μl IA, there was a transient 65% increase in frequency of swallows (P < 0.05). Under control conditions swallows occurred throughout the respiratory cycle, where late-E swallows accounted for 67.6% of swallows. The distribution of swallow occurrence throughout the respiratory cycle was unaffected by IA injections. Consistent with the concept that swallowing is dominant over breathing, we found that swallows increased inspiratory (T_I) and expiratory (T_E) time and decreased tidal volume (V_T) of the breath of the swallow (n) and/or the subsequent (n + 1) breath. Injections of 10 μl IA attenuated the normal increases in T_I and T_E and further attenuated V_T of the n breath. Additionally, E and I swallows reset respiratory rhythm, but injection of 1 or 10 μl IA progressively attenuated this resetting, suggesting a decreased dominance over respiratory motor output with increasing IA injections. Post mortem histological analysis revealed about 50% fewer (P < 0.05) neurons remained in the KFN, LPBN, and MPBN in lesioned compared to control goats. We conclude that dorsolateral pontine nuclei have a modulatory role in a hypothesized holarchical neural network regulating swallowing and breathing particularly contributing to the normal dominance of swallowing over breathing in both rhythm and motor pattern generation.     

Stroke volume decreases during mild dynamic and static exercise in supine humans

Aim: The contributions of cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance to changes in arterial blood pressure are debated and differ between dynamic and static exercise. We studied the role stroke volume (SV) has in mild supine exercise. Methods: We investigated 10 healthy, supine volunteers by continuous measurement of heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure, SV (ultrasound Doppler) and femoral beat volume (ultrasound Doppler) during both dynamic mild leg exercise and static forearm exercise. This made it possible to study CO, femoral flow (FF) and both total and femoral peripheral resistance beat‐by‐beat. Results: During a countdown period immediately prior to exercise, HR and mean arterial pressure increased, while SV decreased. During mild supine exercise, SV decreased by 5–8%, and most of this was explained by increased mean arterial pressure. Dynamic leg exercise doubled femoral beat volume, while static hand grip decreased femoral beat volume by 18%. FF is tightly regulated according to metabolic demand during both dynamic leg exercise and static forearm exercise. Conclusion: Our three major findings are, firstly, that SV decreases during both dynamic and static mild supine exercise due to an increase in mean arterial pressure. Secondly, femoral beat volume decreases during static hand grip, but FF is unchanged due to the increase in HR. Finally, anticipatory responses to exercise are apparent prior to both dynamic and static exercise. SV changes contribute to CO changes and should be included in studies of central haemodynamics during exercise.     

Circadian and photic regulation of clock and clock-controlled proteins in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of calorie-restricted mice

In mammals, behavioural and physiological rhythms as well as clock gene expression in the central suprachiasmatic clock (SCN) are phase-shifted by a timed calorie restriction (T-CR; animals receiving at midday 66% of their daily food intake). The molecular mechanism of SCN depends on feedback loops involving clock genes and their protein products. To understand how T-CR mediates its synchronizing effects, we examined the rhythmic expression of three clock proteins, PERIOD (PER) 1, 2 and CLOCK, and one clock-controlled protein (i.e. vasopressin; AVP) in the SCN of mice either fed ad libitum (AL) or with T-CR. Moreover, we evaluated expression of these proteins in the SCN of AL and T-CR mice following a 1-h light pulse. The results indicate that, while PER1 and AVP rhythms were phase-advanced in T-CR mice, the PER2 rhythm showed an increased amplitude. CLOCK was expressed constitutively in AL mice while in T-CR it was significantly reduced, especially after feeding time. A light pulse produced a delayed increase in PER1 and a larger increase in PER2 expression in the SCN of T-CR mice than in AL animals. In addition, light exposure triggered an increase in AVP-ir cells in both AL and T-CR mice, and also of CLOCK expression but in T-CR mice only. The circadian changes in clock and clock-controlled proteins and their acute responses to light in the SCN of T-CR mice demonstrate that metabolic cues induced by a calorie restriction modulate the translational regulation of the SCN clock.