药用植物废弃物再利用研究现状

中药加工和使用过程中剩余丰富的非药用部位和药渣,产量巨大,但因其药用价值不及药用部位大而被废弃,对不同种类药用植物非药用部位及药材使用后药渣中化学成分进行阐述,以期为中药材废弃物综合再利用及药用植物废弃物药学利用研究提供一定的参考。     

Characterization of hospital waste in Lahore, Pakistan

Background It is a common practice in developing countries that medical/infectious waste openly dumped with municipal solid waste.This paper presented a generation and characterization study of hospital waste.Determination of the waste composition is a basic step for selecting the most efficient treatment method of hospital waste.Methods Stratified random sampling was used to collect the samples of general as well as medical wastes for seven days.Medical waste was sorted into 10 categories whereas general waste was classified into 11 categories.Incineration was observed thoroughly for observing flaws in the incineration process.Data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 16.0.Results The studied hospital produced an average 297 kilograms of medical waste daily and it comprises plastics （71.0％）,glass （13.9％）,papers etc.（3.8％）,cotton/dressings （5.7％）,masks/gloves/sheets （0.3％） diapers （0.4％）,wasted machines used in operation theaters （2.0％） and blades （0.1％）.Laboratories,cancer ward,nursery ward,OPD and emergency ward are the largest infectious waste producing departments in the hospital.The hospital produced an average 3 511 kilograms of general waste daily in which organics constitute （44.3％）,diapers etc.（42.8％）,demolition materials （3.7％）,plastic waste mixing medical plastic waste （2.5％）,miscellaneous （2.14％）,cloth/clothes （1.6％）,cardboard （1.3％）,papers （0.8％）,cotton dressings （0.28％）,glass （0.27％） and iron materials （0.18％）.Other alarming facts are：medical waste is recycled in study area,after incineration of hospital waste,ash simply dumped in the premises of the hospital without any liner system.Conclusions The studied hospital produces 10％ of infectious waste and 90％ of general waste.The largest components of the infectious waste are plastic and glass.Organics and diapers are major components of the general waste coming from different sites of the hospital.Lack of training,inadequate knowledge regarding to the composition of the infectious waste and risks associated with the waste are the major issues which must be addressed and resolved.     

An international perspective on hazardous waste practices

In developing countries, public health attention is focused on urgent health problems such as infectious diseases, malnutrition, and infant mortality. As a country develops and gains economic resources, more attention is directed to health concerns related to hazardous chemical wastes. Even if a country has little industry of its own that generates hazardous wastes, the importation of hazardous wastes for recycling or disposal can present health hazards. It is difficult to compare the quantities of hazardous wastes produced in different countries because of differences in how hazardous wastes are defined. In most countries, landfilling is the most common means of hazardous waste disposal, although substantial quantities of hazardous wastes are incinerated in some countries. Hazardous wastes that escape into the environment most often impact the public through air and water contamination. An effective strategy for managing hazardous wastes should encourage waste minimization, recycling, and reuse over disposal. Developing countries are especially in need of low-cost technologies for managing hazardous wastes.     

带膜可回收支架置入治疗自发性食管破裂（附8例报告）

目的：探讨带膜支架置入治疗自发性食管破裂。方法：8例自发性食管破裂患者均先放置胸腔闭式引流,冲洗胸腔,通过导丝经口置入带膜可回收支架,经口进食,每天经胸腔引流管冲洗胸腔,5-7 d拔除胸引管及鼻腔冲洗管,1个月后取出支架。结果：全部病例支架均置入成功,恢复正常进食,1个月后取出支架,正常进食结论：带膜支架置入治疗食管自发性破裂安全有效的方法,其疗效确切,宜在临床上推广使用。     

Studies of Selective Recovery of Zinc and Manganese from Alkaline Batteries Scrap by Leaching and Precipitation

Recovery of zinc and manganese from scrapped alkaline batteries were carried out in the following way: leaching in H₂SO₄ and selective precipitation of zinc and manganese by alkalization/neutralization. As a result of non-selective leaching, 95.6–99.7% Zn was leached and 83.7–99.3% Mn was leached. A critical technological parameter is the liquid/solid treatment (l/s) ratio, which should be at least 20 mL∙g⁻¹. Selective leaching, which allows the leaching of zinc only, takes place with a leaching yield of 84.8–98.5% Zn, with minimal manganese co-leaching, 0.7–12.3%. The optimal H₂SO₄ concentration is 0.25 mol∙L⁻¹. Precipitation of zinc and manganese from the solution after non-selective leaching, with the use of NaOH at pH = 13, and then with H₂SO₄ to pH = 9, turned out to be ineffective: the manganese concentrate contained 19.9 wt.% Zn and zinc concentrate, and 21.46 wt.% Mn. Better selectivity results were obtained if zinc was precipitated from the solution after selective leaching: at pH = 6.5, 90% of Zn precipitated, and only 2% manganese. Moreover, the obtained concentrate contained over 90% of ZnO. The precipitation of zinc with sodium phosphate and sodium carbonate is non-selective, despite its relatively high efficiency: up to 93.70% of Zn and 4.48–93.18% of Mn and up to 95.22% of Zn and 19.55–99.71% Mn, respectively for Na₃PO₄ and Na₂CO₃. Recovered zinc and manganese compounds could have commercial values with suitable refining processes.     

Valorization of Rice Husk and Straw Agriculture Wastes of Eastern Saudi Arabia: Production of Bio-Based Silica,Lignocellulose, and Activated Carbon

Bio-based silica, lignocellulose, and activated carbon were simply produced via the recycling of Hassawi rice biomass waste of Al-Ahsa governorate in the eastern Saudi Arabia region using a fast chemical treatment procedure. Rice husk and rice straw wastes were collected, ground, and chemically treated with sodium hydroxide to extract silica/silicate from the dried plant tissues. The liquid extract is then treated with acid solutions in order to precipitate silica/silicate at neutral medium. Lowering the pH of the supernatant to 2 resulted in the precipitation of lignocellulose. Thermal treatment of the biomass residue under N₂ gas stream resulted in activated carbon production. Separated products were dried/treated and characterized using several physical examination techniques, such as FT-IR, SEM/EDX, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy in order to study their structure and morphology. Silica and lignocelluloses products were then preliminarily used in the treatment of wastewaters and water-desalination processes.     

Analysis of Mechanical Properties Related to Fiber Length of Closed-Loop-Recycled Offcuts of a Thermoplastic Fiber Composites (Organo Sheets)

Increasing demand for energy-efficient means of transport has steadily intensified the trend towards lightweight components. Thermoplastic glass fiber composites (organo sheets) play a major role in the production of functional automotive components. Organo sheets are cut, shaped and functionalized by injection molding to produce hybrid components, such as those used in car door modules. The cutting process produces a considerable amount of production waste, which has thus far been thermally recycled. This study develops a closed mechanical recycling process and analyzes the different steps of the process. The offcuts were shredded using two shredding methods and implemented directly in the injection-molding process. Using tensile tests and impact bending tests, the material properties of the recycled materials were compared with the virgin material. In addition, fiber length degradation via the injection-molding process and the influence of the waterjet-cutting process on the mechanical properties are investigated. Recycled offcuts are both comparable to new material in terms of mechanical properties and usability, and are also economically and ecologically advantageous. Recycling polypropylene waste with glass fiber reinforcement in a closed loop is an effective way to reduce industrial waste in a sustainable and economical production process.     

Aplitic Granite Waste as Raw Material for the Production of Outdoor Ceramic Floor Tiles

One of the significant problems in the production of ceramic tiles is the very high consumption of natural resources such as clay, feldspar, and quartz. The possibility of replacing part of the formulation of ceramic batches is of great importance. In this research, the possibility of using aplitic granite waste from dimensional stone production was analyzed in detail. The waste is considered a low-cost substitute for feldspar in Serbia. The milled powdery waste was analytically tested to reveal its chemical and mineralogical contents, particle size distribution, and other important properties. The ceramic tiles containing aplitic granite waste (GW) and GW/raw clay mixture (CGW) were hydraulically pressed, and the ceramic and technological properties determined. This waste can act as a filler while forming, drying, and firing, since the high content of quartz helps to control the shrinkage and acts as a fluxing agent in high temperatures due to its feldspathic nature. The waste was found favorable in the production of ceramic tiles, as the gained values of modulus of rupture and water absorption were 28.68 MPa and 1.33%, respectively. The parameters defined in the series of standards EN ISO 10545 were tested on a semi-industrial probe, determining that this combination of materials (without the addition of quartz) may be efficiently used to produce ceramic floor tiles. The usage of what would otherwise be waste material contributes to sustainable management and environmentally friendly solutions by avoiding landfilling, while at the same time it enabling the conservation of scarce natural feldspar deposits.     

Effects of Ni and Cu Residuals on the Magnetic Properties and Microstructure of SmCo5 Magnets

The effect of Ni/Cu-coating residuals on the magnetic properties and microstructures of samarium–cobalt (SmCo₅) magnets was studied. SmCo₅ magnets with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 wt.% of added Ni/Cu (85 wt.% Ni/15 wt.% Cu) were prepared using a conventional sintering route. The magnetic properties of the magnets were found to be consistent up to 2 wt.% Ni/Cu. Any further increase in the Ni/Cu content resulted in a significant reduction in the magnetic properties, to lower than values that would be commercially acceptable. SEM/EDS studies showed that two major phases, i.e., the SmCo₅ matrix phase and Sm₂O₃ were present in all the sintered SmCo₅ magnets. The presence of Sm₂Co₇ as a minor phase fraction was detected in the sintered SmCo₅ magnets containing up to 2 wt.% Ni/Cu. A 2 wt.% Ni/Cu addition to magnets resulted in the presence of two new phases with compositions close to SmCo and Sm₂Co₁₇ in addition to SmCo₅ and Sm₂O₃ as major phases in the SEM-observed microstructure. These newly formed phases are present in small fractions and are presumably homogenously distributed at the grain boundaries of the magnets. As they are known to act as nucleation sites for reverse magnetic domains, they effectively reduce the intrinsic grain boundary magnetic strength, leading to a drop in the coercivity. We concluded that the sintered SmCo₅ magnets could be recycled with up to 2 wt.% Ni/Cu as a residual from the coating under our sintering and heat treatment conditions.