益气通腑汤治疗女性直肠前突随机平行对照研究

[目的]观察益气通腑汤治疗女性直肠前突疗效。[方法]使用随机平行对照方法,将123例随机分为两组,对照组60例麻仁丸口服,治疗组60例益气通腑汤化裁。3个月为1疗程,治疗1疗程(90d)判定疗效。[结果]治疗组临床治愈6例,有效40例,无效14例,总有效率76.67%。对照组临床治愈1例,有效21例,无效38例,总有效率36.67%。治疗组疗效优于对照组(P<0.01)。[结论]中医药以整体观念为原则,以调理脏腑机能为根本,弥补了西医治疗的不足,值得临床推广。     

黏质沙雷菌随机扩增DNA多态性DNA分型

目的明确同一时间段先后分离自同一病房2例患者的两株黏质沙雷菌是否属于同源菌。方法应用随机扩增DNA多态性（RAPD）技术对同一时间段先后自同一病房2例患者痰液标本中分离得的2株黏质沙雷菌进行RAPD基因多态性分析。结果2株黏质沙雷菌扩增出2条不同的电泳带谱。结论2株黏质沙雷菌为不同的RAPD基因型,非同源菌。     

Polychotomous traits and evolution under conformity

Conformist and anticonformist transmission of dichotomous cultural traits (i.e., traits with two variants) have been studied both experimentally, in many species, and theoretically, with mathematical models. Signatures of types of conformity to polychotomous traits (with more than two variants; e.g., baby names and syllables in bird song) have been inferred from population-level data, but there are few models that include individual-level biases among more than two discrete variants. We generalize the standard dichotomous trait conformity model by Boyd and Richerson to incorporate n≥3 role models and m≥2 variants. Our analysis shows that in the case of n=3 role models, under anticonformity, the central polymorphic equilibrium p*=(1m,…,1m) is globally stable, whereas under conformity, if initially the frequencies of ℓ variants are all equal to the maximum variant frequency in the population, there is global convergence to an equilibrium in which the frequencies of these variants are all 1ℓ and all other variants are absent. With a general number n of role models, the same result holds with conformity, whereas under anticonformity, global convergence is not guaranteed, and there may be stable frequency cycles or chaos. If both conformity and anticonformity occur for different configurations of variants among the n role models, a variety of novel polymorphic equilibria may exist and be stable. Future empirical studies may use this formulation to directly quantify an individual’s level of (anti)conformist bias to a polychotomous trait.

Cultural traits, such as tools, ideas, components of speech, or behaviors (1), can have different types, known as variants. Dichotomous cultural traits have two variants, such as pro vs. con opinions or the presence vs. absence of behaviors. Polychotomous cultural traits have three or more variants; examples include baby names, fashions, and components of birdsong. The transmission of dichotomous and polychotomous traits may be nonrandom, or biased, and two biases that have been widely studied are conformity and anticonformity. Conformity entails that a more common cultural variant is adopted at a rate greater than its population frequency, while under anticonformity, the adoption rate is less than its frequency (2).Many empirical studies of conformity and anticonformity have explored dichotomous cultural traits. For example, in ref. 3, children were presented with two arrays with dots and asked which had more dots, and in ref. 4, individuals were shown two shapes rotated at different angles and asked whether they were the same or different shapes. Participants conformed to the answers of others in the mental rotation task (4), and in ref. 3, young children anticonformed to others’ choices, whereas older children conformed. In nonhuman animals, conformity to a dichotomous trait was exhibited by sticklebacks choosing between feeders (5), great tits deciding whether to push a puzzle box slider to the left or right (6, 7), and female fruit flies copulating with pink or green males (8).In ref. 9, people were shown two lines (a dichotomous trait) or more than two lines, with a maximum of six (a polychotomous trait), and were asked which line was longest. The authors found that the strength of conformity increased as the number of lines increased. They explained (ref. 9, p. 11):

“…consider a world with only 2 [variants]—black and white shirts. The presence of black shirts at anything above 50% suggests that people are selecting black shirts above chance. However, in a world with four [variants]—black, white, green, and red shirts—black shirts need only be present above 25% to suggest selection above chance…all current models and experiments may have been underestimating the strength of the conformist bias, because there are often more than 2 [variants] in the real world.”

Thus, modeling (anti)conformity to a polychotomous trait may help empiricists adequately assess levels of conformity rather than relying on dichotomous trait models. The authors also found that the strength of conformity and the reliance on social learning increased with group size for the dichotomous but not for the polychotomous trait, perhaps because as the number of variants increases, “larger groups are required for group size to have a discernible effect” (ref. 9, p. 19).There is some evidence for (anti)conformity to real-world polychotomous traits that have hundreds to thousands of variants. As directly measuring individual biases among a large number of variants can be difficult, many studies have inferred cultural transmission biases from signatures in population-level data. For example, in ref. 10, the turnover in baby names—i.e., the number of new names that enter the list of top names—was plotted as a function of top list size (top 5 names, top 10 names, etc.). A concave plot suggested anticonformity, while a convex plot suggested conformity or content-biased transmission (where the latter is a bias for a particular variant over another). Recent distributions of common baby names appeared to be under anticonformist bias, whereas in earlier decades, common male baby names appeared to be under conformist or content-biased transmission, although these could not be distinguished (10).Another population-level signature of conformity is the sigmoidal curve that can appear when the probability of adopting a variant is plotted against that variant’s population frequency (2). Acerbi et al. (11) contended that a sigmoidal curve could also be observed under content bias and demonstrator bias (the latter occurs if variants are copied randomly from a particular subset of individuals in the population) and questioned whether there was “strong support for the existence of conformist transmission at all” (ref. 11, p. 6). However, Smaldino et al. (12) reran the simulations in ref. 11 with different and possibly more realistic assumptions (12) and found that the sigmoidal curve no longer appeared under content bias, while with demonstrator bias only a slightly sigmoidal curve appeared under some conditions. They concluded that sigmoidal curves are much more likely to result from conformist transmission than content-biased or demonstrator-biased transmission. When models of conformity, content bias, and demonstrator bias were each fitted to empirical data on the distributions of syllables in swamp sparrow song (13), the distributions were most consistent with conformist bias.Table 1.n=3 role models and m=3 variants

Study on Coated Zr-V-Cr Getter with Pore Gradient Structure for Hydrogen Masers

As the core component of satellite navigation, the hydrogen maser needs a high vacuum environment to maintain the stability of the frequency signal. The getter pump, composed of various non-evaporable getters, plays an important role in maintaining the high vacuum. In this paper, the Zr_100-xCu_x (x = 0, 2, 4, 6)/Zr_56.97V_35.85Cr_7.18 getter was studied and the contradiction between sorption performance and mechanical properties was solved. The Zr-V-Cr getter, a better candidate for getter pump, exists for problems which will destroy the high vacuum and affect the service life of the hydrogen maser. To solve the problem of dropping powder from Zr-V-Cr getter, Zr-Cu films were coated on the surface of Zr-V-Cr matrix to obtain the pore gradient structure. After vacuum sintering, the interface showed gradient structure and network change in pore structure from Zr-Cu film to Zr-V-Cr matrix. These characteristic structures made Zr-V-Cr getter have good absorption properties, which is better than a similar product of SAES company and mechanical properties. Because the Zr-Cu film on Zr-V-Cr matrix effectively prevented dropping powders from the matrix, (Zr-Cu)/(Zr-V-Cr) getter solved the problem of dropping powder. The self-developed new getter with pore gradient structure is of great significance for maintaining the high vacuum of hydrogen maser in the future.     

运用近红外漫反射光谱法对别嘌醇片进行一致性检验的研究

目的运用近红外漫反射光谱分析技术建立别嘌醇片的一致性检验模型。方法采用一阶导数法在4 240～5 000 cm-1,5 600～6 900 cm-1和7 500～8 700 cm-1波数范围内对各厂家的别嘌醇片光谱进行预处理,并建立一致性检验模型。结果针对多厂家和单一厂家建立的一致性检验模型在CI=4时,均能达到各自的快速分析目标。结论近红外漫反射光谱法是一种很实用的分析技术,针对别嘌醇片建立的两种一致性检验模型具有快速、可靠的特点,适用于药品检测车对别嘌醇片的快速筛查。     

霍山石斛种内遗传稳定性的RAPD初探

目的 研究霍山石斛荚果内遗传稳定性及荚果间的差异大小。方法 利用从20个随机引物筛选出来的3个稳定性较好的10碱基引物对来自5个不同荚果的霍山石斛种群进行RAPD检测。结果 5个荚果内遗传相似系数较大,在92.5926%-100.00%,其中H1、H9、H10、H14存在一定程度的变异,H23是一个较为稳定的群体;5个荚果间H1、H9、H10、H23的遗传距离较小,H14与其他4个荚果的遗传距离则较大。结论 建立霍山石斛稳定的无性快繁体系是切实可行的,同时说明霍山石斛种内存在一定的变异,H14与其他荚果的差异最大。     

Morphology,Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of S32101 Duplex Stainless-Steel Joints in K-TIG Welding

In this paper, the {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"S32101","term_id":"422005","term_text":"pir||S32101"}}S32101 duplex stainless steel welded joints were produced by a K-TIG welding system. The weld geometry parameters under different welding speeds were analyzed by combining the morphological characteristics of the keyhole. The microstructure and impact toughness of the base metal and weld metal zone under different welding speeds were studied. The experiment results show that the welding speed has quite an effect on the geometry profile of the weld. In addition, the characteristic parameters of the keyhole can effectively predict the geometry profile of the weld. The test results prove that the microstructure, Σ3 coincidence site lattice grain boundary, and phase boundary of ferrite and austenite have an effect on the impact property of the weld metal zone. When the proportion of the austenite, Σ3 coincidence site lattice grain boundary and random phase boundary increased, the impact property of the weld metal zone also increased.     

利用近红外图谱比对法及一致性检验模型鉴别健胃消食片

目的 在不破坏药品包装的情况下,利用近红外光谱快速鉴别健胃消食片(江中药业股份有限公司).方法 在12000～4000 cm-1波段范围内,对同一厂家的健胃消食片进行全谱扫描,通过图谱比对,建立一致性检验模型.结果 正品健胃消食片与伪品健胃消食片的近红外光谱在5500～9000 cm-1波长范围内存在较大差别,通过建立该品种的一致性近红外模型,可对健胃消食片进行初筛.结论 该方法快速简便、准确有效,为基层打假提供有效方法.     

构建与医学教育国际标准相衔接的医学本科专业教学计划的几点做法

为适应医学教育的发展形势,积极与＂全球医学教育最低标准＂相接轨,安徽医科大学对临床医学专业课程设置进行了新的设计与整合,以培养具有多方面潜质、多方面能力和良好职业道德与人际沟通素质的人才为价值取向,按照＂一个标准、一个原则、两个整合、两个环节、九个模块＂的思路制定了新培养方案,为深化教学改革,培养创新医学专门人才明确了方向。     

Predicting Sensitivity to Adverse Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Morbidity and Mortality

People appear to vary in their susceptibility to lifestyle risk factors for cardiometabolic disease; determining a priori who is most sensitive may help optimize the timing, design, and delivery of preventative interventions. We aimed to ascertain a person’s degree of resilience or sensitivity to adverse lifestyle exposures and determine whether these classifications help predict cardiometabolic disease later in life; we pooled data from two population-based Swedish prospective cohort studies (n = 53,507), and we contrasted an individual’s cardiometabolic biomarker profile with the profile predicted for them given their lifestyle exposure characteristics using a quantile random forest approach. People who were classed as ‘sensitive’ to hypertension- and dyslipidemia-related lifestyle exposures were at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD, hazards ratio 1.6 (95% CI: 1.3, 1.91)), compared with the general population. No differences were observed for type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Here, we report a novel approach to identify individuals who are especially sensitive to adverse lifestyle exposures and who are at higher risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. Early preventive interventions may be needed in this subgroup.