Objectives.?To describe a series of complex fetal anemia cases, detail the appropriate investigations and management, and review the literature.Methods.?Four cases of non-red cell alloimmunization or infective cases of fetal anemia are presented.Results.?Of the four cases presented, one was a neonatal death, one pregnancy was terminated, one case was diagnosed with Diamond Blackfan anemia, and one case was due to recurrent feto-maternal hemorrhages despite negative Kleihauer tests.Conclusions.?Non-alloimmune causes of fetal anemia can be difficult to manage. Some cases require repeated and frequent intrauterine transfusions. The perinatal mortality and preterm delivery rates are increased, and some cases require considerable long-term treatment including regular transfusions. We present our experience of a series of non-immune fetal anemia managed in a tertiary unit, review the literature, and suggest appropriate management. 相似文献
Introduction: Women with schizophrenia and their babies are at high risk of adverse outcomes in pregnancy and childbirth. A better understanding of the specific risks conferred by the illness itself and by the treatment provided will help guide more effective care of these women.
Areas covered: Herein, the authors review genetic, demographic, socioeconomic, nutritional and lifestyle risks associated with schizophrenia in pregnancy. They also cover specific risks associated with typical antipsychotic medications, specific risks associated with atypical antipsychotic medications, risks associated with polypharmacy and risks of developmental delay in children exposed to antipsychotic medications in utero.
Expert opinion: Our understanding of the risks that women with schizophrenia face in pregnancy from their illness and from the treatment they receive continues to evolve. As our ability to analyze data progresses, the risks conferred by antipsychotic medication treatment appear to lessen in clinical and statistical significance, whilst the true risks to these women and their babies from their experience of disadvantage continue to set them aside from the general population. Reducing polypharmacy and providing comprehensive and supportive care can minimize harm to women with schizophrenia and their babies. 相似文献
There is increasing use of ultrasound contrast agent in high-frequency ultrasound imaging. However, conventional contrast detection methods perform poorly at high frequencies. We performed systematic in vitro comparisons of subharmonic, non-linear fundamental and ultraharmonic imaging for different depths and ultrasound contrast agent concentrations (Vevo 2100 system with MS250 probe and MicroMarker ultrasound contrast agent, VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, Canada). We investigated 4-, 6- and 10-cycle bursts at three power levels with the following pulse sequences: B-mode, amplitude modulation, pulse inversion and combined pulse inversion/amplitude modulation. The contrast-to-tissue (CTR) and contrast-to-artifact (CAR) ratios were calculated. At a depth of 8 mm, subharmonic pulse-inversion imaging performed the best (CTR = 26 dB, CAR = 18 dB) and at 16 mm, non-linear amplitude modulation imaging was the best contrast imaging method (CTR = 10 dB). Ultraharmonic imaging did not result in acceptable CTRs and CARs. The best candidates from the in vitro study were tested in vivo in chicken embryo and mouse models, and the results were in a good agreement with the in vitro findings. 相似文献