Positioning the six‐month review in the recovery process post‐stroke: The ideology of personal responsibility

Stroke is the UK's fourth highest cause of death and an estimated 300,000 people in England are living with related disability. This paper explores the six‐month review (6MR), a policy initiative that aimed to ameliorate unmet need. A multiple case study approach underpinned by critical realism was used to elicit the views of patients, carers, providers and commissioners across three sites using interviews, observations and documentation. Forty‐six patients (age range 28–91 years), 30 carers and 28 professionals were interviewed between December 2015 and October 2016. Twenty‐nine reviews were observed. Data was analysed thematically across sites. 6MRs carried out by stroke nurse specialists (SNSs) were found to be more medically orientated than those completed by a Stroke Association (SA) co‐ordinator who focused on social issues. Reviewers regarded reviews primarily as an opportunity to address unmet need and signpost to further services. Patients responded in three different ways: proactive and engaged, reflected an active orientation to recovery and self‐management; proactive and self‐managing on their own terms, encompassed patients who were striving for independence but took their own approach sometimes at odds with that of clinicians; and passive orientation, whereby patients did not engage in rehabilitation or self‐management. Patients identified different priorities to those of reviewers, particularly those with other long‐term conditions and this appeared to contribute to the dissatisfaction that some expressed. In conclusion, there was little evidence that the 6MR played a key role in recovery. Locally defined outcomes for the 6MR reflecting national policy were not substantiated by the findings. Our findings suggest that the 6MR should review therapy goals and facilitate patient‐led goals. Reviewers should be allowed the freedom to individualise the process rather than adhering to a rigid framework dictated by national policy and local protocols.     

上海市老年人长期照护需求研究——以长宁区为例

目的 :了解上海市长宁区老年人长期照护需求。方法 :运用日常生活能力(ADL)量表和长期照护需求调研问卷对长宁区所管辖的3个居委会的所有60岁及以上的老年人进行问卷调查,共得到有效问卷1 665份。结果 :在长期照护服务需求的研究中,27.57%老年人需要生活帮助服务,15.56%的老年人需要心理护理服务,25.47%的老年人需要慢性病护理服务,23.00%的老年人需要康复护理,18.50%的老年人需要长期卧床护理服务,19.40%的老年人选择其他医疗专业护理服务。在需要长期照护服务的老年人中,有20%~55%的老年人因经济无力承担而得不到相关的服务。随着年龄和自理能力的下降,老年人对长期护理需求的6个方面的需求都有所增加(OR1),患有慢性病的老年人对长期护理需求更大;独居老人相对于与子女同住的老人对心理护理、慢性病护理、康复护理的需求更大(OR1),学历较低的老人对长期照护服务需求相对较高。结论 :政府应加大对高龄、独居、低收入的老年人的保障,建立完善的长期护理保障制度。     

省级妇幼保健机构床位配置现状及其床位利用效率的综合评价

目的:通过对开展住院服务的省级妇幼保健机构的床位配置与床位利用情况的调查,对省级妇幼保健机构的床位配置现状进行分析,并利用秩和比法(RSR)对省级妇幼保健机构床位利用效率进行综合评价。方法:基于现代化的网络传输系统开发《全国妇幼卫生机构管理信息网络报告系统》,实现信息网络实时直报。结果:17所省级妇幼保健机构平均实有床位为171.1张,人均实有床位0.5张,即两名职工负担1张床位。根据床位利用效率综合评价结果将17所妇幼保健机构分为上中下3档,分别有6所、6所、5所机构。结论:大部分省级妇幼保健机构床位设置比较合理,床位利用效率较高。但是,少数经济落后地区的机构病床利用效率相对较低。     

Orem自理模式应用于慢性精神分裂症患者的护理

目的研究Orem自理模式应用于慢性精神分裂症患者的护理效果。方法将120例住院慢性精神分裂症患者按住院号的单双号随机分为实验组60例和对照组60例,在药物治疗的基础上,对照组按传统进行常规护理,实验组则根据病人病情发展阶段自理能力的不同,按Orem自理模式给予完全补偿、部分补偿和支持-教育。两组分别在入组时、入组8周末、出院时采用日常生活能力量表(ADL)、护士用住院病人观察量表(NOSIE)进行评定,出院后随访半年。结果实验组在社会能力、社会兴趣、个人卫生等积极因素的提高,退缩、激惹、抑郁等消极因素的恢复方面显著优于对照组(p<0.05或p<0.01)。躯体生活自理及工具性自理能力评分显著高于对照组及干预前(p<0.05或p<0.01)。随访半年再住院率实验组为20%;对照组为30%。结论应用Orem自理模式对慢性精神分裂症患者进行护理干预,能发掘患者自身护理潜能,提高其自我护理能力,使患者由被动护理变为主动参与自身护理,从而提高患者日常生活质量,促进其社会功能恢复,同时也减轻了家庭和社会的负担。     

儿童多发伤的ICU救治138例

目的总结儿童多发性创伤ICU的救治经验。方法对2005—2010年收治的138例多发伤患儿的伤情、诊断、治疗结果进行回顾性分析,总结多发伤的救治经验。结果本组病例138例患儿115例撤离呼吸机,休克纠正、循环稳定、凝血功能恢复正常、内环境稳定,病情平稳,无明显其它并发症后,转回原科室。死亡23例（16．67％）,死亡原因为脑疝及心脏与大血管损伤,如严重肝、脾、胰损伤、重度失血性休克和MODS等。结论损伤控制策略在ICU成功救治多发伤患儿的生命中起重要作用;严重多发伤患儿经外科处理后应转至ICU综合治疗,在整个抢救过程中,应严密监护,紧急处理休克、创伤、呼吸衰竭等主要问题,同时尽量兼顾全身情况,促进患儿康复。     

社区老年前列腺增生患者的情感护理效果分析

目的探讨社区老年前列腺增生患者的情感护理方法。方法采用自身对照的方法对82例社区老年前列腺增生患者进行情感护理。结果运用情感护理六个月后患者感到紧张、疲劳乏力、注意力难以集中、抑郁和不高兴、易怒烦躁,对性兴趣异常等情感症状均有明显改善。经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论根据社区老年前列腺增生患者存在的不同情感障碍给予适当对症疏导,有针对性的进行情感接触与交流,认真倾听等情感支持方法有效。     

脉搏血氧饱和度在神经外科病人护理中的应用

目的总结神经外科病人脉搏血氧饱和度监测的应用范围。方法应用脉搏血氧饱和度对600例神经外科病人进行监测。结果神经外科病人血氧饱和度监测在以下几方面广泛应用:选择合理给氧流量及用氧时间、指导行气管切开或拔除气切管、选择合理吸痰时间、时机及时发现并发症等。结论神经外科病人应用脉搏血氧饱和度监测能够及早识别缺氧、指导气管切开或拔除气切管时间、选择合理吸痰时间、及时发现并发症,对病人病情好转有直接影响。     

安徽省县级妇幼保健机构孕产期保健与资源配置的相关性研究简

目的了解安徽省104个区、县妇幼保健机构的孕产期保健和资源配置现况以及两者的相关性。方法运用网络报告系统将妇幼保健机构数据实时填报,描述机构内的孕产期保健服务和辖区内的部分孕产期保健指标现况以及资源配置情况,并进行比较和相关分析。结果区级机构中开展各项孕产期保健服务的构成比均低于80.0%,区、县的孕早期检查率分别为64.7%和55.9%,孕产妇系统管理率分别为61.3%和52.7%。结论县级妇幼保健机构孕产期保健服务整体水平较低,孕产期保健服务水平与人财物资源存在不同程度的相关性。     

2008年胶南市部分农村合作医疗人群接种季节性流感疫苗成本效益分析

[目的]评价胶南市参加农村合作医疗人群接种季节性流感疫苗(以下简称流感疫苗)的效果和效益。[方法]2008年10月按年龄段分组选取3个社区共375名流感疫苗接种者为接种组,随机选择年龄、性别、健康状况、经济收入及受教育程度等相匹配的未接种流感疫苗的人群作为对照组,采用流行病学试验研究方法,随访12个月进行调查分析。[结果]疫苗对流感样疾病(ILI)的平均保护率为56.62%,其中60岁以上年龄组为69.23%。[结论]疫苗具有良好的保护性,特别是老年人群效果明显。且流感疫苗接种于60岁以上老年人可产生较高的经济效益,人均每年流感样疾病医疗费用节约约92元,建议农村合作医疗若按照40%的比例报销农村老年人流感疫苗接种费用,将会收到较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

How primary care reforms influenced health indicators in Manisa district in Turkey: Lessons for general practitioners

Background: Turkish health reforms began in 2003 and brought some significant changes in primary care services. Few studies in Turkey compare the shift from health centres (HC) to family physicians (FP) approach, which was initiated by reforms.

Objectives: This study compares health status indicators during the HC period before reforms (2003–2007) and the FP period after reforms (2008–2012) in Turkey.

Methods: This study encompasses time series data consisting of the results of a 10-year assessment (2003–2012) in Manisa district. All the data were obtained electronically and by month. The intersection points of the regression curves of these two periods and the beta coefficients were compared using segmented linear regression analysis.

Results: The mean number of follow-up per person/year during the HC period in infants (10.5), pregnant women (6.6) and women (1.8) was significantly higher than the mean number of follow-up during the FP period in infants (6.7), pregnant women (5.6) and women (0.9). Rates of BCG and measles vaccinations were significantly higher during the FP period; however, rates of HBV and DPT were same. The mean number of outpatient services per person/year during the FP period (3.3) was significantly higher than HC period (2.8). Within non-communicable diseases, no difference was detected for hypertension prevalence. Within communicable diseases, there was no difference for rabies suspected bites but acute haemorrhagic gastroenteritis significantly decreased. The infant mortality rate and under five-year child mortality rate significantly increased during the FP period.

Conclusion: Primary care services should be reorganized and integrated with public health services.