Gaining a Child: Comparing the Experiences of Biological Parents,Adoptive Parents,and Stepparents

This study compares the experience of gaining a child through birth, adoption, or marriage, extending the focus of investigation beyond biological parenthood and the transition made by first‐time parents. Using a subsample from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 204), we compared reasons for having children, parental well‐being, family relationships, and work roles among parents who gained a child biologically, through adoption, or by becoming a stepparent. Overall, there were many similarities in the impact of gaining a child across the three parental groups. Repeated measures analyses of covariance showed that across family groups, after gaining a child, respondents reported less depressed affect, more disagreements with their spouse, and more support from their own parents. The differences across groups suggest that the experience of becoming an adoptive parent or a stepparent may be less stressful than the adjustment to biological parenthood.     

Child illness, the parenting alliance, and parenting stress

Assessed relationship between children's minor illnesses during the first 3 years of life and parenting stress in the 4th year. Also examined whether a good parenting alliance would compensate for or moderate this relationship. Parents of 56 3- to 4-year-olds completed parenting alliance and stress questionnaires. Child morbidity, assessed from medical records, was directly related to mothers' but not fathers' feelings of stress. The parenting alliance was more strongly related to parenting stress for fathers than for mothers. However, child morbidity and parenting alliance interacted in predicting child-related paternal stresses. While fathers in a poor alliance reported more stress, stress was unrelated to their children's illnesses; for fathers in a moderate to strong alliance, illness and stress were positively correlated. Even minor child illnesses appear to be a source of stress for parents.     

青少年抑郁症状的相关家庭因素研究

目的 调查青少年抑郁症状发生情况,分析其相关家庭因素。方法 于2019年11月选择西安市初级中学和高级中学各2所,采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取650名学生作为调查对象,采用一般情况调查问卷、流调中心用抑郁症状自评量表、儿童期创伤问卷和父母教养方式问卷进行调查。采用多元线性回归分析探究影响青少年抑郁症状水平的相关家庭因素。结果 本组青少年抑郁症状评分为16.00(9.00,20.00)分,抑郁症状阳性筛查率为19.7%。多元线性回归分析结果显示:性别、父母婚姻状态、情感虐待、躯体虐待、父亲过度保护、母亲过度保护、父亲情感温暖、母亲情感温暖(β=-0.028、0.030、0.103、0.267、0.467、0.047、-0.279、-0.272,P＜0.001)是青少年抑郁症状的主要影响因素,共解释总变异的92.3%。结论 青少年抑郁症状阳性筛查率处于较低水平,性别、父母婚姻状态、情感虐待、躯体虐待、父/母亲过度保护、父/母亲情感温暖是青少年抑郁症状的主要家庭因素。     

家庭社会经济状况与3岁以内儿童生长发育及营养状况的关系

目的 探究家庭社会经济状况(SES)与3岁以内儿童生长发育及营养状况的关系,为我国儿童预防保健提供科学依据。方法 数据源于2015年中国九市7岁以下儿童体格发育调查的西安地区数据。研究共纳入父/母亲文化程度、父/母亲职业和家庭年收入5项指标因子,构建了SES综合指标作为自变量。结局变量为身长、体重和评估的营养状况结局。调整儿童性别和月龄后,分别建立线性回归和Logistic回归模型,分析SES与身长体重和营养结局的关系。结果 研究共纳入3岁以内儿童12 017人,经评估营养不良者281人(2.3%),营养过剩者531人(4.4%)。调整儿童性别和月龄后,与低水平SES儿童相比,中等水平SES儿童身长增加0.32 cm(95%CI:0.16~0.47),发生营养过剩的风险降低20%(OR =0.80, 95%CI:0.65~0.98);高水平儿童身长增加0.77 cm(95%CI:0.61~0.92),体重增加0.06 kg(95%CI:0.006~0.12),发生营养过剩的风险降低33%(OR=0.67, 95%CI:0.53~0.83)。结论 较好的社会经济状况可能降低营养过剩的风险,有助于儿童的发育与营养健康。应改善家庭育儿环境,加强对低SES家庭的儿保宣教,提高儿童的健康水平。     

家庭因素与青少年非自杀性自伤关系的研究进展

非自杀性自伤(NSSI)在各国青少年群体中均有很高的发生率,且其发生率正逐年上升,已成为现阶段全球公认的影响青少年身心健康的重大公共卫生问题之一,备受国内外广大专家、学者的关注与重视。然而,其发生机制尚不明确,目前的研究也正处于初级阶段。据目前研究显示,NSSI的影响因素主要有个体因素、环境因素和神经生物学因素。家庭作为青少年成长过程中最重要的外部环境,在青少年身心发展中起着至关重要的作用。良好的家庭环境能在一定程度上预防和减少青少年NSSI等风险行为的发生, 并可能成为未来早期干预工作的一个重要途径。本文拟对近年来国内外相关文献进行综述,为下一步研究家庭因素对青少年NSSI行为的影响提供思路,同时为临床干预和治疗提供参考。     

家庭养育方式与儿童睡眠状况关系分析

目的 分析家庭养育方式与儿童睡眠状况的关系,寻求对儿童睡眠有利的养育方式,为改善儿童睡眠质量提供相应的参考。方法 收集2021年9—12月于北京中医药大学孙思邈医院儿科体检的214名6~12岁儿童为研究对象,运用儿童版父母教养方式问卷(EMBU-C)及儿童睡眠习惯问卷(CSHQ)评价家长养育方式及儿童睡眠状况,并分析其相关性。结果 CSHQ总分在不同年龄(t=6.45,P<0.001)、共睡情况(F=11.82,P<0.001)、电子屏幕使用时间(F=5.13,P=0.007)等因素上差异有统计学意义;父母EMBU-C与CSHQ的多个维度之间存在显著相关(P＜0.05);多元线性回归分析显示:从与抚养人同床睡到不同房间睡,CSHQ总分逐渐降低(β=-1.81),母亲情感温暖得分与CSHQ总分呈负相关(β=-0.50),电子屏幕使用时间与CSHQ总分呈正相关(β=1.89),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),三者共同解释18%的变异(ΔR²=0.18)。结论 儿童的睡眠状况与年龄及家庭养育方式有关,家庭养育方式中的共睡和屏幕使用时间过长会降低儿童的睡眠质量,母亲情感温暖则对儿童睡眠的改善有一定意义。     

成人游戏力与3~8岁儿童脑功能发展的关系

3~8岁是儿童脑功能发育的重要时期,该阶段儿童大脑及其功能具有较强可塑性,而早期经验的剥夺会导致中枢神经系统发育停滞,甚至萎缩并构成永久性损害。儿童早期经验的获得大部分来自游戏,而游戏的开展离不开成年人的参与,越来越多的研究揭示了游戏力对脑功能的重要作用。本文旨在综述成人游戏力对儿童脑功能发育,如在感觉和动作、注意力和意识、学习和记忆中的作用。本综述还简述了游戏类型对脑功能的影响及现有的挑战,以期从父母、教师等成人参与游戏的角度来促进儿童脑功能健康发展。     

嘉兴市0~3岁儿童养育风险现状分析

目的 了解嘉兴市0~3岁婴幼儿养育风险现状及家庭养育中存在的问题,为婴幼儿家庭养育提供针对性的家庭养育建议。 方法 采用横断面调查方法,2020年6月1日-7月31日期间在嘉兴地区所有儿童保健门诊体检的0~3岁儿童为研究对象,家长现场用手机填写0~6、6~12、12~36月龄段《养育风险问卷》以及自拟的《家庭基本情况调查问卷》问卷星,根据风险因素给予家庭干预指导。 结果 共调查9 384例0~3岁婴幼儿家庭,养育风险筛查阳性率0~6月龄为30.48%,6~12月龄为39.11%,12~36月龄为45.63%。小于6月龄婴幼儿养育风险因素前三位的是儿童不吃母乳(10.61%)、家中玩具少于3个(8.34%)、儿童至少有2周新生儿期住院史(7.93%);6~12月龄婴幼儿养育风险因素前三位的为没有给儿童吃富含铁的食物 (23.73%)、儿童有营养性疾病(9.64%)、儿童每天吃奶少于3次(6.53%);12~36月龄婴幼儿养育风险因素前三位的为儿童很少每天吃瘦肉或鸡蛋(22.46%)、家中没有图画书(14.85%)、每天很少跟儿童一起玩耍(9.87%)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示父亲学历为高中大专、本科及以上(OR=0.784,95%CI:0.697~0.881;OR=0.701,95%CI:0.599~0.820); 母亲学历为高中大专、本科及以上(OR=0.815,95%CI:0.724~0.917;OR=0.628,95%CI:0.539~0.732)是保护因素;性别男性为危险因素(OR=1.160,95%CI:1.066~1.262)。 结论 现阶段0~3岁婴幼儿普遍存在养育风险,各级专业人员亟需加强健康教育,指导家庭科学养育,规避家庭养育中可避免的风险,保障婴幼儿身心健康。     

Collaborative working in health and social care: Lessons learned from post-hoc preliminary findings of a young families’ pregnancy to age 2 project in South Wales,United Kingdom

Children of young and socially disadvantaged parents are more likely to experience adverse outcomes. In response to this, a unique young families’ project in Swansea, UK, was created, which drew together a team of multi-agency professionals, to support people aged 16–24 from 17 weeks of pregnancy throughout 1,001 days of the child's life. The aim of the JIGSO (the Welsh word for Jigsaw) project is for young people to reach their potential as parents and to break the cycle of health and social inequality. This evaluation analysed routinely collected data held by the project from January 2017 to December 2018 exploring health and social outcomes, including smoking and alcohol use in pregnancy, breastfeeding, maternal diet and social services outcomes. Outcomes were compared to local and national averages, where available. Data relating to parenting knowledge and skills were available via records of 10-point Likert scales, one collected at the start of the JIGSO involvement and one around 4–6 months later. Findings showed higher than average levels of breastfeeding initiation and lower smoking and alcohol use in pregnancy. Parents also reported enhanced knowledge and confidence in their child care skills, as well as improved family relationships. Parents with high levels of engagement with JIGSO also appeared to have positive outcomes with Social Services (their child's name was removed from child protection register or their case was closed to social services). This was a post-hoc evaluation, not an intervention study or trial, and thus findings must be interpreted with caution. Despite this, the findings are promising and more prospective research exploring similar services is required.     

Revision of the Parenting Stress Index

To facilitate early identification of children at risk for developmentof behavioral or emotional disturbance, the Parenting StressIndex (PSI) is designed as a screening and diagnostic instrumentthat measures the relative magnitude of stress in the parent-childsystem. For this study, the most re cent revision of the PSI,Form 6, was evaluated for reliability and factorial validityusing a sample of 534 parents. Form 6 of the PSI was found tohave even higher reliability than previous forms, supportingits continued usefulness both for preliminary screening andfor pretesl/posttest measure ment of the effectiveness of counselingprograms and intervention tech niques. Form 6 of the PSI wasalso found to have high factorial validity, suggesting thatthe domain scores and subscale scores may be confidently utilizedto provide information about specific sources of stress in theparent-child system which should be the focus of further attentionand professional assistance.