Determinants of anti-PD-1 response and resistance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

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热疗对肿瘤免疫微环境中免疫细胞及免疫相关细胞因子的影响

随着对肿瘤热疗和肿瘤免疫微环境(TIME)的深入研究,近年来热疗对TIME的作用越来越受到学者们的重视。本文就目前国内外研究进展,对热疗与TIME中几类主要免疫细胞和免疫相关细胞因子的影响及作用机制作一综述。全面而透彻的了解热疗对TIME的调控作用,有助于为肿瘤治疗提供新的思路和方法。     

Novel HLA-A2-restricted human metapneumovirus epitopes reduce viral titers in mice and are recognized by human T cells

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality from acute lower respiratory tract illness, with most individuals seropositive by age five. Despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, secondary infections are common and can be severe in young, elderly, and immunocompromised persons. Preclinical vaccine studies for HMPV have suggested a need for a balanced antibody and T cell immune response to enhance protection and avoid lung immunopathology. We infected transgenic mice expressing human HLA-A*0201 with HMPV and used ELISPOT to screen overlapping and predicted epitope peptides. We identified six novel HLA-A2 restricted CD8⁺ T cell (T_CD8) epitopes, with M_39–47 (M39) immunodominant. Tetramer staining detected M39-specific T_CD8 in lungs and spleen of HMPV-immune mice. Immunization with adjuvant-formulated M39 peptide reduced lung virus titers upon challenge. Finally, we show that T_CD8 from HLA-A*0201 positive humans recognize M39 by IFNγ ELISPOT and tetramer staining. These results will facilitate HMPV vaccine development and human studies.     

AAV-CRISPR Gene Editing Is Negated by Pre-existing Immunity to Cas9

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Current treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease recommended by different guidelines

Introduction: It is important to know how to treat hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The reason for the review was to update this treatment and to discuss the 2015 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/American Society of Hypertension 2015 guidelines of treatment of hypertension in patients with CAD.

Areas covered: Studies between 1968 and 2015 were reviewed on treatment of hypertension in patients with CAD using a Medline search, and studies between 1977 and 2015 were reported. Hypertension should be treated with beta blockers and ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Long-acting nitrates are effective antianginal and anti-ischemic drugs. Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) may be added if angina persists despite beta blockers and long-acting nitrates. The 2015 guidelines recommend that the blood pressure should be < 140/90 mm Hg in patients aged ≤ 80 years and the systolic blood pressure < 150 mm Hg if they are ≥ 80 years.

Expert opinion: Hypertension in patients with CAD should be treated with beta blockers and ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Long-acting nitrates are effective antianginal and anti-ischemic drugs. CCBs may be added if angina persists despite beta blockers and long-acting nitrates. The blood pressure should be < 140/90 mm Hg in patients aged < 80 years and the systolic blood pressure < 150 mm Hg if they are ≥ 80 years.     

Predicting Renal Function Outcomes After Partial and Radical Nephrectomy

Background

Partial nephrectomy (PN) is generally favored for cT1 tumors over radical nephrectomy (RN) when technically feasible. However, it can be unclear whether the additional risks of PN are worth the magnitude of renal function benefit.

美国胃肠病协会关于急性胰腺炎胰腺坏死处理临床实践专家共识更新解读

美国胃肠病协会（AGA）于2019年8月在Gastroenterology（《胃肠病学》）杂志上发表了针对胰腺坏死处理的临床实践专家共识的更新，归纳并总结了当前的临床证据与专家意见，旨在为胰腺坏死这一复杂临床情况的最佳干预提供指导建议。近年来，随着临床实践的不断深入，急性胰腺炎胰腺坏死的处理经历了较大的变革。从一开始的以手术为主的清创策略过渡到现阶段较为成熟的升阶梯治疗模式。针对胰腺坏死的治疗主要包含两个方面：非手术治疗和有创干预。其中，非手术治疗主要包括抗菌治疗和营养支持等。一旦坏死组织发生感染或无菌性坏死使病人产生显著临床症状，提示有强烈干预指征时，此时更多地依赖于有创干预。升阶梯治疗模式的主要内容为：以经皮引流或透壁内镜引流为首要手段，对于引流无法处理的大量固体坏死，可进行经皮微创或经内镜下坏死清除，若微创手段干预无效可进行开放手术清创。关于选择经皮微创阶梯治疗还是经内镜阶梯治疗，目前尚无研究显示两者之间对病死率等主要临床结局产生影响，不同治疗中心可根据各中心的专业特长和医疗资源，合理选择治疗方案。