中国北方汉族人基质金属蛋白酶1、9、12基因多态性与慢性阻塞性肺疾病易感性的研究

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloproteinases，MMPs）基因多态性与慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）易感性的关系。方法采用病例对照研究方法，收集147例吸烟COPD患者和120名吸烟非COPD正常对照。调查研究对象的性别、年龄、吸烟史、职业粉尘接触史、临床症状、体格检查、测定肺通气功能和支气管舒张试验。应用聚合酶链反应、限制性内切酶分析法比较MMP-9（-1562C／T）、MMP-1（-16071G／2G）、MMP-12（-82A／G）、MMP-12（-357Asn／Ser）基因多态性在COPD组和吸烟非COPD对照组的差异。结果MMP-12基因型Asn／Asn和CT／AsnAsn可增加患COPD的危险性。OR值分别为2361（95％CI：1．369～4．017）和2．433（95％CI：1．159～5．342）；CC／1G1G／SerSer对COPD患病有保护作用。OR值为0．457（95％CI：0．231～0．911）。结论CT和AsnAsn两基因型同时存在，可增加COPD的易感性，CC、GG和SerSer三基因型同时存在对患COPD有防护作用；多基因联合作用对多基因遗传病发病的影响比单个易感基因的作用更重要。     

诱导痰在慢性阻塞性肺病气道炎症监测中的应用

目的　观察COPD患者诱导痰细胞学和痰上清液IL -8浓度的变化 ,探讨诱导痰在COPD气道炎症监测中的作用。方法　以 2 6例临床确诊的稳定期COPD患者为研究对象 ,分离诱导痰细胞 ,同时检测痰上清液IL -8浓度和肺功能。并以 15例健康志愿者作为对照组。结果　COPD稳定期组与正常对照组诱导痰细胞总数、巨噬细胞数及中性粒细胞数比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;COPD稳定期组中性粒细胞百分率高于正常组 ,(P <0 0 1)。稳定期组诱导痰上清液IL -8浓度与正常组比较差异有显著性(P <0 0 1)。诱导痰上清液IL -8的浓度与FEV1占预计值 %呈负相关关系 (r=-0 5 3 9,P <0 0 1) ;诱导痰PMN数与FEV1占预计值 %呈负相关关系 (r =-0 73 3 ,P <0 0 1) ;AM数与FEV1占预计值 %无相关关系 (r =-0 2 2 3 ,P =0 161)。结论　诱导痰技术无创、简便 ,是监测COPD气道炎症的较理想指标。     

原发性肺部恶性肿瘤与COPD患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞水平测定的临床探讨

目的　探讨原发性肺部恶性肿瘤与慢性阻塞性肺部疾病 (COPD)患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞水平测定的临床价值。方法　应用单克隆抗体 -碱性磷酸酶抗碱性磷酸酶法 (APAAP法 )测定 60例COPD病人 ,5 0例原发性肺部恶性肿瘤病人和 40例正常对照组CD3 + ,CD4+ ,CD8+ ,CD19+ 及NK细胞的百分数 ,计算CD4+ /CD8+ 比值。结果　原发性肺部恶性肿瘤组、COPD组的CD3 + ,CD4+ ,CD4+ /CD8+ ,CD19+ 明显降低 ,而CD8明显增高 ,与对照组比较均有显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ;原发性肺部恶性肿瘤组的NK细胞的百分数降低 ,与对照组比较有显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ,COPD组NK表达与对照组比较无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。原发性肺部恶性肿瘤组与COPD组的CD3 + ,CD4+ ,CD8+ 均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,而NK ,CD19+ 有差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论　原发性肺部恶性肿瘤组和COPD组存在细胞免疫功能紊乱和失调 ,临床上应不失时机的应用免疫调节剂     

The use of an ambulatory,automatic sleep recording device (QUISI™ Version 1.0) in the evaluation of primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea

The use of an ambulatory, automatic sleep recording device (QUISI? Version 1.0) in the evaluation of primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea Electroencephalogram (EEG) evaluation with polysomnography (PSG) according to the Rechtschaffen & Kales (R&K) rules is time and cost consumptive, but ambulatory polygraphy systems do not allow EEG recording routinely. As a consequence, the number of sleep disordered events cannot be calculated exactly. QUISI is a one‐channel, self‐applicable ambulatory EEG recording device. The present study was designed as a prospective, non‐randomized clinical trial. This investigation evaluated the results of 40 patients with primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea measured with level 1 PSG and QUISI simultaneously. Fifteen patients (37.5%) were primary snorers with normal sleep profiles, whereas 25 patients (62.5%) suffered from obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) with a Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI) of 38.6 ± 23.8. The mean total sleeping time (TST) was underestimated by 4.5%, while Sleep Efficiency Index (SEI) was understimated by 4.6% by the QUISI device compared with PSG. The correlation between the QUISI and the PSG estimates for single sleep stages demonstrated only moderate correlation. The statistical significance for sleep stage 2 was r = 0.42, P = 0.002; for sleep stage 3/4, r = 0.31, P = 0.02; and for WAKE, r = 0.33, P = 0.01. Sleep stage 2 as well as sleep stage 3/4 were underestimated by QUISI substantially (difference: ?5.6% and ?10.3%), while WAKE was overestimated by QUISI to a larger amount (difference: +10.4%). Sensitivity and specificity of QUISI to recognize pathological sleep profiles compared with PSG/R&K were 0.92 and 0.96 respectively. QUISI is able to evaluate normal versus altered sleep profiles in patients with primary snoring and OSA. Comparing the quartile ranges, we found substantial differences between QUISI and PSG/R&K. QUISI gives an impression of sleep architecture and objective verification of a sleep disturbance in an ambulant setting but cannot replace the sleep laboratory‐based PSG.     

Quantitative computer‐assisted digital‐imaging upper airway analysis for obstructive sleep apnoea*

This was a prospective study of a new objective method which quantitatively analyses the upper airways in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Video‐nasopharyngoscopic examinations of the upper airways of 45 patients were carried out with an endoscopic calibrator. Images of the upper airway during quiet respiration and Mueller's manoeuvre in erect and supine positions were digitized by computer to generate the actual dimensions of obstructive sites. Measurements by the new method were validated by comparing 90 pairs of videoendoscopic images with upper airway magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements at two identical levels. Quantitative precision is 100% for the retropalatal level and 95.6% for the retrolingual level with a tolerance of 0.5 cm² between the two methods. The absolute mean of the difference between the two methods of measurement is 0.08 cm² at the retropalatal level and 0.18 cm² at the retrolingual level. The agreement between the digital‐imaging videoendoscopic and MRI measurements was 93.3% for the retropalatal level and 95.6% for the retrolingual level. Quantitative computer‐assisted digital imaging is a reliable, cost‐effective clinical method of upper airway evaluation in OSA patients. This method allows us to examine the dynamic and static morphology objectively, measure surgical outcomes of upper airway, opening up new avenues for OSA management.     

Assessing the Quality of Life of Adults with Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Routine Primary Care: Construction and First Validation of the 10-Item Respiratory Illness Questionnaire-Monitoring 10 (RIQ-MON10)

BACKGROUND: As doctors' judgements about the burden of a disease often differ from patients' own assessments a manageable method to incorporate the latter into routine care might support patient-centered decision-making. For this purpose we shortened the 55-Item Quality of Life for Respiratory Illness Questionnaire (QoL-RIQ). METHODS: Secondary analyses of the data of 3 controlled studies (n = 328, 502 and 555). PROCEDURES: inter-item correlations, scale distributions, Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis. Dyspnoea, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), COOP/WONCA charts, the Medical Research Council-ECCS symptoms questionnaire and the MOS-SF 36 served as criteria to test validity and responsiveness. RESULTS: Item-reduction resulted in a 10-item short form (alpha's 0.87-0.90), consisting of 2 5-item factors: (1) physical and emotional complaints and (2) physical and social limitations. The correlations of the short form with dyspnoea (r from 0.57 to 0.60), the generic health status instruments (r from 0.39 to 0.59) and lung function (r from 0.10 to 0.15) fulfilled the criteria. FURTHER RESULTS: a clinical relevant score difference (> 0.5) between upper and lower quartiles of the convergent instruments, an intraclass correlation between repeated scores in a stable group of 0.82 and a standardised response mean of 0.86 in an improved group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The short form (RIQ-MON10) maintained the psychometric properties of the original instrument and is promising for assessing quality of life (QoL) during routine primary care visits.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者急性期白细胞介素-6及C反应蛋白检测的临床意义

目的　探讨白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )及C反应蛋白 (CRP)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)急性期发病机制中的作用。方法　应用诱导痰方法 ,收集 2 0例急性期COPD患者、16例稳定期COPD患者和 10名健康不吸烟者的痰液。对血清中CRP浓度进行检测 ,并用放射免疫法测定痰液中IL 6水平。结果　急性期COPD组IL 6、CRP水平明显高于稳定期COPD组和正常对照组 (P均 <0 0 5 ) ;急性期COPD组痰液中IL 6水平与血清中CRP水平呈显著正相关 (r=0 4 5 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,而与 1s用力呼气容积 (FEV1)呈显著负相关 (r=0 5 13,P<0 0 1) 。结论　IL 6及CRP参与了急性期COPD的气道炎症反应 ,并可将其作为检测COPD患者急性感染存在的一项重要敏感指标     

L-精氨酸强化膳食营养对慢性阻塞性肺病营养不良患者的作用

目的评价L-精氨酸强化膳食营养对慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)营养支持的作用。方法对30例COPD患者进行营养支持治疗，总能量摄人为静息能量消耗(REE)的1．5倍，其中蛋白质占20％，脂肪：30%，碳水化合物50％。A组12例为精氨酸治疗组，每日口服L-精氨酸10g3次／d，B组18例为对照组。结果营养支持后，A组肱三头肌皮褶厚度、前白蛋白、体脂等营养参数较B组明显改善，呼吸肌力显著提高，REE显著下降；A组的免疫指标较B组改善更显著；A组住院费较B组低。结论L-精氨酸不仅可改善COPD的营养、免疫状况和呼吸肌力量，而且能显著降低患者的能量消耗，达到强化营养支持的效果，同时可改善预后，减少医疗费用。     

经口鼻面罩双水平气道正压通气治疗慢阻肺合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床意义

目的 经口鼻面罩双水平气道正压通气（Bipap）治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床意义．方法 40例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分成两组；对照组20例予常规的临床治疗；试验组20例采用双水平气道正压通气治疗＋常规治疗，并比较入院时，治疗4h后，1周内的临床疗效．结果 试验组Bipap呼吸机治疗后PaO2较治疗前明显升高（P〈0．01），PaCO2明显降低（P〈0．01）．PaO2增高与PaCO2降低与对照组相比有显著性差异，其它临床观察指标也有明显好转．结论 Bipap呼吸机对COPD急发合并Ⅱ型呼衰有良好的治疗作用．     

热休克蛋白70抗体与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的关系

目的探讨热休克蛋白(HSP)70抗体与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的关系。方法采用Western-ELISA方法检测了88例COPD与87例正常对照者血浆HSP70抗体,同时用免疫发光法检测血浆IgE的含量。结果在COPD与正常对照组中,HSP70抗体的阳性率分别为13.6%(12/88)和6.9%(6/87),两者之间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);排除近1年使用过激素的COPD患者,未使用过激素的COPD患者HSP70抗体的阳性率为19.3%(11/57),与正常对照组之间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。另外,吸烟指数在HSP70抗体阳性和阴性两组之间分别为(768±485)和(798±493),差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);而IgE在两组分别为(252.8±458.7)和(73.9±131.5)U/ml,HSP70抗体阳性组明显高于HSP70抗体阴性组(P<0.05)。结论HSP70抗体可能在COPD的发病过程中起一定的作用,但尚需进一步研究并排除激素等干扰因素。