Self-care experiences of Pakistani patients with COPD and the role of family in self-care: A phenomenological inquiry

Self-care enables patients in improving quality of life and reducing hospital admissions. Research explored the experiences of patients about breathlessness, sleep problems and complication management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the self-care experiences and the role of the family in self-care are underexplored. This study aimed to understand the self-care experiences of patients with COPD and explore the role of the family in self-care. An interpretive phenomenological inquiry was used, and 13 patients were interviewed in 2019 from two hospitals in Pakistan. The inclusion criteria were patients above 30 years of age at any stage of COPD, who received a confirmed diagnosis of COPD and were receiving the treatment, and engaged in self-care at their homes or communities. The interviews lasted for 35–60 min. Ricoeur's interpretation theory was used for data analysis comprising steps explanation, naive understanding and in-depth understanding. Self-care emerged as a complex individual and familial endeavour affected by personal, social and economic factors. Poverty was one of the core determinants of self-care. Patients emphasised the spiritual, cultural and traditional approaches to self-care. Future research is warranted to develop better understanding of spiritual and cultural self-care and how these dimensions of self-care affect patients’ self-care behaviours.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病及相关危险因素研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种常见的、可预防和治疗的慢性气道疾病,其特征是持续存在的气流受限和相应的呼吸系统症状。COPD是全球慢性疾病发病率和死亡率的主要原因,是世界三大死因之一,且全球COPD患病率整体呈现上升趋势。我国各省份间COPD患病率一直处于较高水平。COPD的患病率在不同国家、不同地区和不同人群之间均存在差异,并受多种危险因素影响。个体方面的遗传因素、年龄、性别、BMI、腹部肥胖和身体活动会对COPD的发生和发展产生影响;环境方面,吸烟、室内和室外空气污染以及职业中的暴露均会导致COPD的发生。     

Interleukin-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with COPD

目的　本研究通过检测支气管肺灌洗液 (BALF)中及肺泡巨噬细胞 (AM)产生的IL 6 ,揭示IL 6与慢性支气管炎(COPD)肺气肿发生的关系 ,为IL 6提供新的研究领域。方法　检测 6名正常无吸烟人及 2 1名COPD患者BALF中及AM释放的IL 6 ,根据正常人组BALF中IL 6的 95 %正常值可信区限 ,将COPD患者分为二组 ,在正常值可信区限内为第一组 ,在正常值可信区限外为第二组。结果　表明 2组中AM产生的IL 6第二组明显高于第一组 ,且 2组患者肺功能 (Dlco ,FEV1,FEV1/FVC和RV/TLC)有明显差异结论　AM产生的IL 6可能与COPD患者肺功能变化有关 ,在COPD患者肺气肿发生发展过程中发挥重要作用     

Effect of ipratropium bromide on airway and pulmonary muscarinic receptors in a rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective　To observe the level of muscarinic receptors in airway and lung tissues, and the effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide on these receptors in a rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods　This model was developed by exposure of rats to 250 ppm SO2 gas, 5?h/d, 5d/wk, for a period of 7 wk. The COPD rats inhaled 0.025% aerosolized iratropium bromide for 20 min, 2 times daily, in an airtight chamber. Muscarinic receptors in airway and lung tissues of normal rats, ipratropium bromide-treated COPD rats and the recovering COPD rats were measured by the radio-ligand binding assay. Results　Airway/lung pathology and pulmonary function tests showed that chronic SO2 exposure caused pathophysiologic changes similar to those observed in human COPD. The density (0.038±0.011, pmol/mg protein) and affinity (Kd, 23±11 pmol/L) of muscarinic receptors in airway and lung tissues of COPD rats were not changed compared with those of normal control rats (0.030±0.008 and 29±19, respectively, P>0.05). Densities of the muscarinic receptors were not changed after inhalation of ipratropium bromide for 5 days, but increased significantly after inhalation for 30 days, as compared with those of the untreated COPD rats. The muscarinic receptors returned the normal levels at day 6 after cessation of ipratropium bromide treatment. There were no differences among different groups of rats in equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd). Conclusion　A rat model of COPD with pathophysiologic changes similar to the human counterpart was developed using chronic SO2 exposure. There was no significant change in the number and function of muscarinic receptors in airway and lung tissues of the COPD rats, but upregulation of the muscarinic receptors was observed after long-term inhalation of ipratropium bromide.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血清中细胞间粘附分子-1、E-选择素含量变化及意义

目的：研究细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）及E-选择素与慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）发病的关系。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）方法检测30例DOPD急性加重期、缓解期的患者和20例正常对照者血清中的ICAM-1、E-选择素的水平,并将其与患者动脉血气中PO2、PCO2、肺功能FEV1%进行比较。结果：COPD患者中ICAM-1、E-选择素的水平明显高于正常对照组（P＜0.01),且急性加重期明显高于缓解期（P＜0.001),对19例急性加重期患者治疗前后对比分析具有显著差异（P＜0.001)。同时发现ICAM-1、E-选择素与PCO2呈正相关,与PO2及FEV1%呈负相关。结论：ICAM-1、E-选择素参与了COPD的发病,检测血清中的ICAM-1、E-选择素水平对判断COPD的病情轻重程度、治疗效果及预后具有重要的临床意义。     

99mTc-DTPA气溶胶显像测定呼吸道粘液纤毛清除功能

为进一步研究呼吸道疾病时的粘液纤毛清除功能,采用99mTc-DTPA气溶胶吸入显像,通过电影显示定性和定量指标分析.对18 例健康受试者和患者进行了显像研究,得到气道清除率和粘液纤毛清除率的正常值,并观察了32例慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者气管-支气管纤毛清除功能的改变.结果显示,健康受试者与COPD患者粘液纤毛清除率(mm/min)分别为3.89±0.92和1.32±0.59,两者比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01),COPD患者不同时间气道清除率和粘液纤毛清除率均明显低于健康受试者(P＜0.01).本研究方法简便客观,具有定性观察和定量分析的优点,对于呼吸系统其它疾病(如支气管扩张、原发性纤毛无运动)的研究及药物疗效的评价具有重要的临床实用价值.     

不同临床表型COPD频繁和非频繁发作患者气道巨噬细胞的异质性

目的：比较频繁发作(frequent exacerbator,FE)和非频繁发作(infrequent exacerbator,iFE)的不同临床表型的 慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者的临床特征及诱导痰中巨噬细胞的异质性。方法： 分析80例慢性支气管炎(chronic bronchitis,CB)、肺气肿(emphysema,EM)、哮喘-COPD重叠(asthma-COPD overlap, ACO)表型的COPD急性发作住院患者的临床特征;采用流式细胞术检测诱导痰巨噬细胞CCL3和CD163的表达,定 量聚合酶链反应(quantitative PCR,qPCR)检测HIF-1α和Cav-1的表达。结果：FE和iFE患者在年龄,第1 s用力呼气容积 (forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)/用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC),痰细菌阳性率,COPD评估测试 (COPD Assessment Test,CAT)评分,改良医学研究委员会(Modifi ed Medical Research Council,mMRC)评分方面的差异 有统计学意义(P<0.05);相对于iFE患者,FE患者诱导痰巨噬细胞上CCL3荧光强度明显降低(P<0.01),而CD163显著增 高(P<0.01),同时HIF-1α和Cav-1 mRNA水平也显著升高(P<0.01)。CB表型的FE患者与iFE患者之间在年龄,痰细菌阳 性率,CAT评分,mMRC评分方面的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);相对于iFE患者,FE患者诱导痰巨噬细胞上CCL3荧 光强度轻度降低(P>0.05),而CD163显著增高(P<0.01),同时HIF-1α和Cav-1 mRNA水平也显著升高(P<0.01)。EM表型 的FE患者与iFE患者之间在年龄,病程,FEV1/FVC,痰细菌阳性率,CAT评分,mMRC评分方面的差异有统计学意义 (P<0.05);相对于iFE患者,FE患者诱导痰巨噬细胞CCL3荧光强度轻度减低(P>0.05),而CD163轻度升高(P>0.05),同 时HIF-1α水平轻度升高(P>0.05),Cav-1水平则显著增加(P<0.01)。ACO表型的FE与iFE患者所有临床特征差异均无统计 学意义,FE患者诱导痰巨噬细胞CCL3荧光强度明显低于iFE患者(P<0.01),而CD163差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),同 时HIF-1α(P<0.01)和Cav-1(P<0.05)表达也显著增加。全部FE及CB表型FE患者CCL3与HIF-1α和Cav-1均呈显著负相关, CD163仅与HIF-1α呈显著正相关;EM表型FE患者CD163与HIF-1α呈显著正相关;ACO表型FE患者CCL3与HIF-1α呈显 著负相关,而CD163与HIF-1α呈显著正相关。结论：CB,EM,ACO表型FE和iFE患者临床特征差异不一,诱导痰中替 代活化巨噬细胞(M2)在FE患者中占优势,HIF-1α可能在其极化过程中起关键作用。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼出气NO含量的变化及吸入NO对其肺功能的影响

为探讨一氧化氮 (NO)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)发病中的作用及吸入NO对COPD肺功能的影响 ,本研究检测了COPD患者鼻、口呼出气中NO的含量及吸入不同浓度 (10～ 80ppm)NO时肺功能和血气指标。结果表明 :COPD患者鼻、口呼出气NO含量均明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,且COPD和对照组口呼出气NO含量低于鼻呼出气 (P <0 .0 1) ;吸入 2 0～ 80ppmNO能明显改善COPD患者部分肺通气功能指标(FEV1、FEV1/FVC、FEV1%、PEF) ,且呈效量依赖关系 ,但对肺容量和肺弥散功能指标无明显影响 ;吸入NO后COPD患者PaCO2 增加 ,但对PaCO2 和高铁血红蛋白无明显影响。提示NO合成减少可能介导了COPD的发病 ,吸入一定浓度的NO可改善COPD患者肺通气功能和PaO2     

硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉用于慢性阻塞性肺病病人的临床效果

目的比较硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉或单纯全身麻醉对上腹部和胸腔内手术病人术后肺功能和肺部并发症的影响。方法24名伴有中度术后肺部并发症危险的慢阻肺病人,接受上腹部或胸腔内手术,随机分成单纯全身麻醉(GA组)和硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉(Epi-Ga组)两组。术后采用VRS法评定镇痛效果。根据临床症状和体征、X线胸片、血气分析和床旁肺功能测定评估是否发生肺部并发症。术前1d和术后3d内评估和记录上述指标。结果术毕,GA组病人平均(34±16)min苏醒,(67±22)min拔除气管导管;Epi-Ga组苏醒时间和拔管时间分别为(12±4)和(32±12)min。术后第1天和第2天,Epi-Ga组病人术后镇痛效果明显优于GA组(P<0.01)。术后第1天,Epi-Ga组病人的FVC、FEV1/FVC%和FEF25%-75%下降不如GA组显著(P<0.05)。GA组有4例需要纤维支气管镜协助吸痰,而Epi-Ga组则无一例需要。两组病人术后肺炎、肺不张、支气管痉挛和呼吸衰竭的发生率无显著差异。结论局麻药加阿片类药物硬膜外自控镇痛使病人术后更加舒适,且能够改善病人术后肺功能。尽管两组病人术后肺部并发症无明显差异,但硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉以及术后硬膜外自控镇痛确实能够方便慢阻肺病人的术后管理。     

慢性阻塞性肺病日间PaO2、PaCO2与睡眠时血氧的相关研究

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺病（ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃ ｏｂｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＣＯＰＤ）日间动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ２）对夜间血氧的影响。方法 监测３０例ＣＯＰＤ患者和１０例正常对照的夜间血氧水平,按ＰａＯ２、ＰａＣｏ２分组比较。结果 （１）ＰａＯ２〉８ｋＰａ时,睡眠时平均动脉血氧饱和度（ＭＳａＯ２）与日间动脉血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）,一秒率（Ｆ