Correlation of pretransplant and early post‐transplant response assessment with outcomes after reduced‐intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma

BACKGROUND:

Chemotherapy sensitivity, defined simply as at least a partial response to chemotherapy, is an important outcome predictor for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients undergoing reduced‐intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HCT). The authors hypothesized that further differentiation of chemotherapy sensitivity by specific response, complete remission (CR) versus partial remission (PR) versus stable disease (SD) versus progression of disease (PD), correlates with post‐transplant outcomes.

METHODS:

The impact of pretransplant and early (28 days) post‐transplant disease response on transplant outcomes was analyzed in 63 NHL patients treated with reduced‐intensity allo‐HCT.

RESULTS:

The 3‐year event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) (median potential follow‐up after reduced‐intensity allo‐HCT = 58 months) for all patients was 37% and 47%, respectively. The 3‐year EFS based on pretransplant response was: CR = 50%; PR = 66%; SD = 18%; no patient with PD pretransplant reached 3‐year follow‐up. The 3‐year OS based on pretransplant response was: CR = 63%; PR = 69%; SD = 45%. The 3‐year EFS based on post‐transplant response was: CR = 57%; PR = 32%; SD = 33%; no patient with PD post‐transplant reached 3‐year follow‐up. The 3‐year OS based on post‐transplant response was: CR = 65%; PR = 43%; SD = 50%. In multivariate analyses, pretransplant response was the best predictor of EFS (P < .0001). Pretransplant response (P < .0001) and age (P = .0035) were jointly associated with OS.

CONCLUSIONS:

These data suggest that NHL patients with pretransplant SD, generally considered inappropriate candidates, may benefit from reduced‐intensity allo‐HCT, and patients with pretransplant PD should only receive this therapy in clinical trials. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

猕猴非清髓单倍相合造血干细胞移植模型的建立

为了研究用非清髓预处理是否能建立猕猴单倍相合造血干细胞移植模型，采用健康、单倍相合的亲代猕猴为供者，子代为受者。受体用氟达拉滨＋环磷酰胺＋全身照射＋兔抗人胸腺细胞球蛋白作非清髓性预处理；用环胞菌素A、霉酚酸酯、鼠抗人CD25单克隆抗体作为移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）预防方案；第0天输注供者动员后的外周血造血干细胞；定期监测造血恢复、造血嵌合水平和GVHD发生等情况。结果表明：4例猕猴用非清髓性预处理后，移植后8天内造血均能恢复，早期均有供者造血干细胞植入；例3、例4植入成功，在移植后12、14天出现Ⅱ-Ⅲ度GVHD；例1在移植后7天低比例供者植入，最后出现移植排斥；例2在移植后7天供者成分占50％，后因肾衰早期死亡。结论：用非清髓性预处理可以跨越单倍相合猕猴的MHC屏障，成功建立了单倍相合造血干细胞移植的模型。为进一步买验研究奠定了基础。     

ABO血型不合的非清髓异基因外周血干细胞移植

为了探讨ABO血型不合对HLA相合的非清髓异基因外周血干细胞移植(NAST)的影响,回顾分析了15例ABO血型主要不舍,9例次要不合的HLA相合的NAST的临床特点,并选用同期ABO血型相合的NAST作成组比较。结果显示：24例ABO血型不合的NAST受者在输入供者外周血千细胞悬液时无1例发生急性溶血,但有2例发生迟发性溶血。统计学分析表明,ABO血型不合对NAST骨髓植活、血小板恢复、GVHD、疾病复发及无病生存均无影响。在ABO血型主要不合组,红系开始恢复时间明显延迟,其中1例“0”型血受者发生纯红细胞再生障碍,持续5个月。结论：ABO血型不合不是NAST的障碍,仅在ABO血型主要不合时．红系恢复时间延迟。     

The impact of donor type and ABO incompatibility on transfusion requirements after nonmyeloablative haematopoietic cell transplantation

We retrospectively analyzed transfusion requirements within the first 100 d among allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients with haematological malignancies given either myeloablative (n = 1353) or nonmyeloablative conditioning (n = 503). We confirmed that myeloablative recipients required more platelet and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions than nonmyeloablative recipients (P < 0·0001 for both). Myeloablative patients given peripheral blood stem cells required less platelet transfusions (P < 0·0001) than those given marrow while RBC transfusion requirements did not differ significantly. Subsequent analyses were restricted to nonmyeloablative recipients. Platelet and RBC transfusions were less frequent among related compared to unrelated recipients (P < 0·0001 for both), with comparable median numbers of transfused units. Major/bidirectionally ABO‐mismatched recipients required more RBC transfusions than ABO‐matched recipients (P = 0·006). Rates of graft rejection/failure, grades II–IV acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host‐disease (GVHD), 2‐year relapse, 3‐year survivals and non‐relapse mortality were comparable among ABO‐matched, minor‐mismatched, and major/bidirectionally mismatched recipients (P = 0·93, 0·72, 0·57, 0·36, 0·17 and 0·79, respectively). Times to disappearance of anti‐donor IgG and IgM isohemagglutinins among major/bidirectionally ABO‐mismatched recipients were affected by magnitude of pre‐HCT titres (P < 0·001 for both) but not GVHD (P = 0·71 and 0·78, respectively). In conclusion, nonmyeloablative recipients required fewer platelet and RBC transfusions and among them, both unrelated and major/bidirectionally ABO‐mismatched recipients required more RBC transfusions. ABO incompatibility did not affect nonmyeloablative HCT outcomes.     

Mixed chimerism and graft failure following conditioning with the fludarabine and cyclophosphamide nonablative regimen; conversion to full donor chimerism

Twenty-one patients with hematologic malignancies were treated with the fludarabine (120-125 mg/m(2)) and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen. Graft versus host disease (GVHD) and graft rejection prophylaxis was with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Thirteen of the 21 patients (62%) had mixed chimerism (< or = 90% donor cells) at day 60 and 11 (52%) of these patients had mixed chimerism which persisted until day 100. Immunosuppression was discontinued in 12 of 13 patients and two of them converted to full chimerism by day 100. Eight patients received a donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) and five of them converted to full donor chimerism with DLI alone. Two patients were given GM-CSF in addition to a DLI with conversion to full donor chimerism. Three patients (14%) had graft failure requiring a second transplant using fludarabine (125 mg/m(2)) and melphalan (140 mg/m(2)). With a median followup of 2.8 years, 15 patients are alive - one with disease and 14 with no disease. Two patients died of acute GVHD, one of chronic GVHD, and three due to progressive disease. We conclude that the nonmyeloablative fludarabine/cyclophosphamide regimen results in a significant incidence of mixed chimerism and graft rejection but is well tolerated. We suggest a more intense regimen, such as fludarabine and melphalan, be used in patients with a high risk of early disease progression to establish early engraftment and graft versus tumor effect.     

非清髓异基因外周造血干细胞移植治疗高龄血液病临床研究

目的 探讨非清髓异基因外周造血干细胞移植(NAST)在治疗高龄血液病中的作用。方法 采用NAST、治疗高龄血液病患者5例。5例患者平均年龄55岁(53～59岁)。预处理方案主要由环孢素、抗淋巴细胞球蛋白和环磷酰胺等组成。结果 5例患者均顺利度过移植后造血抑制期，3例供者细胞完全植入，2例为供受者混合嵌合体。2例出现移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)，治疗后好转。结论 NAST简便安全，并发症少，疗效好，为高龄血液病的治疗开辟了新途径。     

非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病26例

为研究非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植(non-myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation, allo-NST)治疗恶性血液病的疗效及相关技术,选择26例恶性血液病患者作为研究对象(急性白血病10例,慢性髓性白血病14例,多发性骨髓瘤2例),其中14例采用FAC(fludarabin+ATG+Cy)预处理,12例采用MAC(melfalan/maleran+ATG+Cy)预处理;用G-CSF 600 μg/d或G-CSF 300 μg/d+GM-CSF 300μg/d进行外周血干细胞动员,于第5天开始用Cobe Spectra血细胞分离机连续采集2-3次;用环孢菌素A联合短程甲氨蝶呤预防GVHD;移植后第4周开始供体淋巴细胞输注,首剂1×107/kg,之后依据临床反应及嵌合体形成情况,每4周1次,剂量逐级递增;微卫星短串联重复序列(STR)分析、Bcr/Abl融合基因、Ph染色体、HLA位点分析、性染色体及ABO血型等为植活检测指标.结果显示 植入率84.62%,aGVHD发生率11.54%,cGVHD发生率23.07%;感染和出血等毒副反应发生率低、反应轻.结论非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病疗效确切,毒副作用小,但相关技术,如适应症的选择、预处理方案、移植过程中的免疫治疗等需要进一步深入研究.     

低剂量氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺联合供者NK细胞作为非清髓性预处理用于小鼠单倍相合造血干细胞移植

本研究探讨低剂量氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺联合供者异体反应性NK细胞(flu cy allo-NK)作为新的非清髓性单倍相合造血干细胞移植(haploidentical HSCT)预处理方案的可行性。利用免疫磁珠富集F1供鼠(H-2d/b)脾脏NK细胞,检测其中Ly49C 、Ly49A 细胞的比例;LDH法检测其异体反应性。建立小鼠单倍相合造血干细胞移植模型,并比较清髓性方案(9 Gy TBI)、各种非清髓性方案(6.5 Gy TBI,flu cy,及flu cy allo-NK)的体内清髓效果、移植后供者嵌合率、GVHD的发生率及严重程度。结果表明:与其他非清髓性预处理方案相比,flu cy allo-NK组不能增加清髓程度,但可显著提高单倍相合移植后的供者嵌合率,移植后21天的嵌合率在骨髓为(28.70±5.90)%,脾脏为(46.40±5.00)%,并持续2个月。与flu cy组相比,flu cy allo-NK组出现的GVHD反应轻微,仅有50%(5/10)受鼠出现体重减轻,flu cy allo-NK组小鼠的肝脏、小肠、肾脏及皮肤的病理切片均未见明显的组织损伤。结论:供者allo-NK具有促进单倍相合供者造血干细胞植入,减轻GVHD强度的作用;低剂量flu cy allo-NK方案为高龄和一般情况差的肿瘤患者开展单倍相合造血干细胞移植提供了新的途径。     

非清髓异基因外周血造血干细胞移植后巨细胞病毒感染的危险因素分析

本研究旨在探讨非清髓异基因外周血造血干细胞移植（NST）后CMV感染及CMV病的发生特点及其危险因素,为NST后cMV感染的诊断、监测和抢先治疗提供参考。用实时定量聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）方法检测了80例在本院血液科行NST患者外周血白细胞巨细胞病毒（CMV）DNA载量,并对其临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果表明,NST后62／80例发生cMV感染（77．5％）,首次检出CMV—DNA阳性的中位时间为移植后35d（17—133）,经抢先治疗后,移植后100d内CMV病累积发生率为11．3％。单因素分析及多因素分析均显示,预处理方案中使用抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白（ATG）、合并其它疱疹病毒感染（单纯疱疹病毒、EB病毒、水痘-一带状疱疹病毒等）及移植前有真茵感染病史均为CMV感染的危险因素。单因素分析提示,CMV血症及预处理方案中使用ATG是CMV病的危险因素。合并Ⅱ-Ⅳ度aGVHD23例患者CMV感染率为91．3％（21／23）,但与0-I度aGVHD组的CMV感染率71．9％相比,无统计学差异（P=0．06）。多因素分析未发现与CMV病相关的危险因素。结论：预处理过程中使用ATG有可能增加NST后CMV感染和CMV病的发生率,CMV感染容易与其它疱疹病毒感染及真菌感染伴发。移植后亦应当重视对其它疱疹病毒及真菌的监测及预防。